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Book No. – 9 (History – World History)
Book Name – A History of Modern World (Jain & Mathur)
What’s Inside the Chapter? (After Subscription)
1. Division in the Party
2. The Russian Opposition
3. Causes of the Rise of Communism in China
4. Rise and Development of the Communist Party
5. The Exodus or the Long March of the Communists
5.1. Great Campaign by the Red Army.
5.2. Conditions of Civil War in China
5.3. Agreement between Kuomintang and the Communist Party (Kugchangtang): Attempt at Coexistence
5.4. World War II and China
5.5. Attempts for an Agreement
5.6. Attempts at Establishing Democracy
5.7. The Communists capture Power
5.8. The Causes of the Success of Communists
5.9. Chinese Position after Japan’s Defeat
5.10. Declining Popularity of the Kuomintang Party
5.11. Growing Popularity of the Communists
6. Impact of Communist Revolution on World Politics
7. Mao-tse-Tung A Great Personality
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The Chinese Revolution of 1949
Chapter 6 – IV
The efforts of Dr. Sun-Yat Sen led to a revolution in China in 1911, but after his resignation, Yuan Shikai tried to establish a despotic government.
Dr. Sun-Yat Sen aimed to reconstruct China based on his three principles: nationalism, democracy, and socialism.
These principles remained the chief objectives of his party until 1920.
In 1923, an agreement was signed between Abrahm Adolf Joff, representative of the communist government of the U.S.S.R, and Sun-Yat Sen.
In December 1923, Dr. Sen expressed strong faith in Russian aid, hoping for the realization of his goals with U.S.S.R. support.
The Russian Communist Party was taken as a model for reorganizing the Kuomintang Party.
Local units of the Kuomintang were established all over China.
Dr. Sen died on March 12, 1925.
His death led to two contradictory outcomes:
Overnight, Dr. Sun-Yat Sen became a popular leader of nationalist China and the Kuomintang Party.
His ‘Three Principles of the People’ became the Bible of the nationalists.
After his death, theoretical differences arose over party leadership.
The leftists in the party, supported by communist members, gained full control over the party’s central organization.
A key internal dispute was about the type of relations to maintain with the U.S.S.R.
In the first annual session of the Kuomintang General Assembly, the revolutionary ideology and political programme called San-Min-Chu-I (Three Principles of the People) was accepted.
Dr. Sen had originally not allowed communism to dominate in developing these principles.
Communist propaganda in China helped the Kuomintang achieve great success with U.S.S.R. support.
This success was followed by a period of terrorism and anti-terrorism, which caused the Chinese to develop a strong repulsion for communism.
Division in the Party
In November 1925, the Kuomintang Party split.
Members from the business and landlord classes planned to expel Russian advisors.
In the second meeting in 1926, the party severed connections with communist members.
Despite the split, the Kuomintang and communists cooperated until 1927.
In 1927, communists attempted to capture the Haikau government and bring the Kuomintang under their control.
Chiang Kai-Shek expelled the communists from the party and occupied Peking in 1928.
Meanwhile, Commander Liang of Manchuria made an agreement with the Kuomintang government, bringing Manchuria under Kuomintang influence.
After leaving the Kuomintang, the communists established control over several provinces in China.
By 1931, their power center was in Kwangsi, north of Kwangtung province, where they had established their government.
Gradually, parts of Fukien, Honan, and Anhwei provinces came under communist control.
The communist government of Kwangsi refused to recognize the Kuomintang government based in Nanking, led by Chiang Kai-Shek.
In 1931, the first ‘Pan Chinese Soviet Conference’ was held.
This conference adopted the constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic and appointed a central committee chaired by Mao Zedong.
By 1931, the Chinese communists had strengthened, posing a threat to the Nanking government.
In 1933, China had three governments:
The Kuomintang government in Nanking under President Chiang Kai-Shek.
The Leftist Kuomintang government in Canton, opposing Chiang Kai-Shek’s policies and supporting Dr. Sun-Yat Sen’s principles.
The Communist government in Kwangsi, Anhwei, and Kien provinces, calling itself the national government and aiming to establish a communist administration nationwide.
Of the three, the Kuomintang government in Nanking was the best organized.
The Nanking government made efforts to forge national unity.
The world powers recognized the Nanking government as the de facto government for purposes of talks and treaties.
The Russian Opposition
The Nanking government under Chiang Kai-Shek was strongly anti-communist and aimed to defeat the communist government in Kwangsi.
Chiang Kai-Shek, as Commander-in-Chief, launched four attacks on the communist government at Kwangsi in 1933, but all failed.
In 1934, the Nanking government intensified efforts to subdue the communists with full force.
The communists were unable to withstand the superior power of the Nanking government.
Tens of thousands of communists were killed during these conflicts.
The old landlords and capitalists from areas freed from communist control were organized to support the Kuomintang Party.
Chiang Kai-Shek initiated the New Life Movement aimed at reviving people’s faith in ancient ideals and promoting the principles of Confucius over those of Marxism.