Chapter Info (Click Here)
Book No. – 18 (Ancient History)
Book Name – History – Higher Secondary – First Year – Tamil Nadu Board
What’s Inside the Chapter? (After Subscription)
1. CH20. The Mughal Empire
1.1. Babur (1526-1530)
1.2. Military Conquests
1.3. Humayun (1530-1540)
1.4. Sur Interregnum (1540-1555)
1.5. Humayun (1555-1556)
1.6. Akbar (1556-1605)
1.7. Jahangir (1605-1627)
1.8. Shah Jahan (1627-1658)
1.9. Aurangazeb (1658-1707)
1.10. Causes for the Downfall of the Mughals
2. CH21. India Under the Mughals
2.1. Economic and Social Life
2.2. Mughal Nobility
2.3. Rural Masses
2.4. Agriculture
2.5. Growth of Trade
2.6. Cultural Development under the Mughals
2.7. Art and Architecture
2.8. Paintings and Music
2.9. Language and Literature
3. CH22. The Marathas
3.1. The Rise of the Marathas
3.2. Shivaji (1627-1680): His Life and Conquests
3.3. Shivaji’s Administration
3.4. Successors of Shivaji
3.5. The Peshwas (1713-1818)
4. CH23. The Coming of Europeans
4.1. The Portuguese
4.2. The Dutch
4.3. The English
4.4. The French
4.5. The Danes
4.6. Anglo-French Rivalry
4.7. The Carnatic Wars
4.8. Establishment of British Power in Bengal
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History – Higher Secondary
Unit VII (Tamil Nadu Board)
CH20. The Mughal Empire
Babur (1526-1530)
Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
His original name was Zahiruddin Muhammad.
He was related to Timur on his father’s side and to Chengiz Khan through his mother.
Babur succeeded his father, Umar Shaikh Mirza, as the ruler of Farghana.
He was soon defeated by a distant relative and lost his kingdom.
Babur became a wanderer for some time before capturing Kabul from one of his uncles.
He developed an interest in conquering India and launched four expeditions between 1519 and 1523.
Military Conquests
On the eve of Babur’s invasion of India, five prominent Muslim rulers existed: Sultans of Delhi, Gujarat, Malwa, Bengal, and the Deccan.
Two prominent Hindu rulers were Rana Sangha of Mewar and the Vijayanagar Empire.
By the end of 1525, Babur started from Kabul to conquer India.
Babur easily occupied Lahore by defeating its governor, Daulat Khan Lodi.
He then advanced towards Delhi, ruled by Ibrahim Lodi.
On 21st April 1526, the First Battle of Panipat was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, who was killed in battle.
Babur’s success was due to his superior cavalry and artillery.
Babur occupied Delhi and sent his son Humayun to seize Agra.
Babur proclaimed himself as “Emperor of Hindustan”.
His victories over Rana Sangha and the Afghans secured his rule in India.
Rana Sangha of Mewar was a great Rajput warrior who opposed Babur.
In the Battle of Khanua (near Agra) in 1527, Babur won a decisive victory over Rana Sangha.
Babur assumed the title Ghazi after the victory.
In 1528, Babur captured Chanderi from Rajput ruler Medini Rai.
In 1529, Babur defeated the Afghans in the Battle of Gogra in Bihar.
These victories helped Babur consolidate his power in India.
Babur died at Agra in 1530 at the age of forty-seven.
Estimate of Babur
Babur was a great statesman with solid achievements.
He was a great scholar in Arabic and Persian languages.
His mother tongue was Turki.
Babur wrote his memoirs, Tuzuk-i-Baburi, in the Turki language.
The memoirs provide a vivid account of India.
He frankly confessed his own failures without hiding any facts.
Babur was also a naturalist and described the flora and fauna of India.