Introduction

• Logic is the science of reasoning, helping differentiate correct reasoning from incorrect.

• It provides methods, tools, and techniques for analyzing how conclusions are drawn.

• Reasoning involves forming inferences, where conclusions are derived from assumed true propositions.

• A piece of reasoning is structured as an argument consisting of premises (facts, assumptions, evidences) and a conclusion.

• There are multiple ways to reason from information, each with specific strengths and limitations.

• Based on the relationship between premises and conclusion, reasoning is classified into two types:

  • Deductive reasoning:

    • Conclusions follow with logical certainty from premises.

    • Common in mathematical proofs and formal systems.

  • Inductive reasoning:

    • Conclusions are probable, based on observations and experience.

    • Observations are incomplete, so conclusions lack absolute certainty.

    • Closely resembles the scientific method.

• Corresponding to these forms of reasoning, there are two types of logic: deductive logic and inductive logic.

• Both types of logic aim to establish criteria for distinguishing right reasoning from wrong.

• Logic, reasoning, inference, and argument are interrelated and sometimes used interchangeably in the context of induction and deduction.

• Deductive logic focuses on certainty, whereas inductive logic focuses on likelihood based on evidence.