Administration of the Company and the Crown – UGC NET History – Practice Questions

The Nature of Administration

1. The British administration in India remained primarily under the control of the East India Company until:
A. 1757
B. 1858
C. 1773
D. 1781

2. Which among the following marked the complete takeover of Indian administration by the British Crown?
A. Regulating Act, 1773
B. Pitt’s India Act, 1784
C. Government of India Act, 1858
D. Charter Act, 1833

3. The East India Company was established on:
A. 1 January 1601
B. 31 December 1599
C. 15 August 1600
D. 31 December 1600

4. Which among the following battles gave the British control over Bengal and eventually the Diwani rights?
A. Battle of Plassey (1757)
B. Battle of Buxar (1764)
C. Battle of Wandiwash (1760)
D. Third Carnatic War

5. The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) granted the British the Diwani of:
A. Bengal only
B. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
C. Punjab and Bengal
D. Madras and Bombay

6. Which among the following European powers had already been trading in India before the British?
A. British and Americans
B. Russians and French
C. Portuguese, Dutch and French
D. Portuguese and Germans only

7. The Carnatic Wars helped the British secure:
A. Bengal
B. Punjab
C. Northern Circars
D. Sindh

8. The East India Company was originally established as a:
A. Monopoly mercantile company
B. Political organization
C. Religious institution
D. Military corporation

9. In East India Company terminology, a trading station with factors was called:
A. Province
B. Factory
C. Presidency
D. Agency

10. A settlement of factories under the East India Company was supervised by an:
A. Apprentice
B. Merchant
C. Agent
D. Writer

11. Match List I with List II regarding Company terminology:

A- a-ii, b-iv, c-iii, d-i
B- a-ii, b-iv, c-iii, d-i
C- a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
D- a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv

12. Which among the following was the main method of recruitment in the East India Company?
A. Competitive examination
B. Open selection
C. Patronage
D. Election

13. Early Company officials often lacked knowledge of:
A. Military discipline only
B. British law only
C. Local customs, laws and languages
D. European trade only

14. The East India Company servants were often criticized for:
A. Corruption and low salaries
B. High professionalism
C. Democratic functioning
D. Religious neutrality

15. The Company’s administration was mainly governed by a:
A. Parliament
B. Governor alone
C. Council
D. Military Board only

16. The Governor or Governor-General in the Council had:
A. No voting rights
B. Casting vote
C. Veto over Parliament
D. Judicial immunity only

17. Which among the following boards had the longest history and distinguished record?
A. Railway Board
B. Military Board
C. Board of Revenue
D. Board of Trade

18. Which among the following was NOT a feature of East India Company governance?
A. Government by Boards
B. Government by records
C. Representative democracy
D. Collective responsibility

19. Record keeping in Company administration mainly helped prevent:
A. Taxation
B. Judicial reforms
C. Absolutism and uncontrolled power
D. Parliamentary interference

20. Clive’s Dual Government was introduced in:
A. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
B. Bombay and Madras
C. Punjab and Sindh
D. Awadh and Delhi

21. Assertion (A): Clive’s Dual Government damaged the Company’s reputation.
Reason (R): Revenue was extracted while internal administration remained with the Nawab’s officers.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

22. Under Clive’s Dual Government, the Company directly controlled:
A. Judicial administration
B. Defence of territories
C. Religious affairs
D. Village administration

23. The first British Parliamentary attempt to regulate Company administration was:
A. Pitt’s India Act, 1784
B. Charter Act, 1813
C. Regulating Act, 1773
D. Government of India Act, 1858

24. The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed because:
A. Parliament wanted to regulate Company mismanagement
B. Company sought independence
C. French demanded reforms
D. Mughal Emperor insisted

25. The East India Company requested a loan of approximately:
A. £500,000
B. £900,000
C. £1,400,000
D. £2,000,000

26. Which body of the East India Company was reformed by increasing the stock qualification?
A. Supreme Court
B. Court of Proprietors
C. Board of Revenue
D. Military Board

27. The minimum stock requirement for membership in the Court of Proprietors after 1773 became:
A. £500
B. £700
C. £1000
D. £1500

28. The Board of Directors under the Regulating Act was to consist of:
A. 24 members
B. 12 members
C. 30 members
D. 18 members

29. Under the Regulating Act, how many Directors retired annually?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 6
D. 12

30. The Governor of Bengal became the:
A. Governor of India
B. Governor-General of Bengal
C. Viceroy of India
D. President of Bengal

31. Match List I with List II regarding changes under Regulating Act (1773):

A- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
B- a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i
C- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
D- a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii

32. The Governors of Bombay and Madras became subordinate to:
A. British Parliament
B. Governor-General of Bengal
C. Court of Directors
D. Supreme Court

33. The Governor-General of Bengal under the Regulating Act was assisted by:
A. Two members
B. Three members
C. Four members
D. Six members

34. The first Governor-General of Bengal was:
A. Warren Hastings
B. Lord Cornwallis
C. Lord Wellesley
D. Robert Clive

35. The Supreme Court established under the Regulating Act was located at:
A. Bombay
B. Madras
C. Calcutta
D. Delhi

36. The Supreme Court at Calcutta consisted of:
A. One judge only
B. A Chief Justice and three judges
C. Governor-General and judges
D. Five judges only

37. Which among the following jurisdictions was exercised by the Supreme Court at Calcutta?
A. Civil only
B. Criminal only
C. Civil, criminal, admiralty and ecclesiastical
D. Military only

38. The Regulating Act introduced a system of:
A. Checks and balances
B. Complete absolutism
C. Representative democracy
D. Federalism

39. Which among the following was a major defect of the Regulating Act?
A. Too much local autonomy
B. Lack of Governor-General
C. Ambiguity between Supreme Court and Council jurisdiction
D. Absence of Parliament

40. The defects of the Regulating Act were partially corrected by:
A. Pitt’s India Act, 1784
B. Charter Act, 1813
C. Amending Act, 1781
D. Government of India Act, 1858

41. Assertion (A): The Regulating Act of 1773 centralized British administration in India.
Reason (R): Governors of Bombay and Madras were made subordinate to the Governor-General of Bengal.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

42. Which among the following best explains why Parliament intervened in Company affairs in 1773?
A. Demand from Mughal Emperor
B. Corruption, mismanagement and financial crisis of the Company
C. French conquest of Bengal
D. Pressure from Indian princes

43. Which among the following bodies elected the Board of Directors?
A. British Parliament
B. Governor-General’s Council
C. Court of Proprietors
D. Supreme Court

44. Which among the following was an effect of the Regulating Act in England?
A. Better continuity in Company management
B. Complete abolition of Court of Proprietors
C. End of Company trade
D. Annual election of all Directors

45. Under the Regulating Act, decisions in the Governor-General’s Council were taken by:
A. Governor-General alone
B. Majority vote
C. Court of Directors only
D. British Parliament directly

46. Which among the following was the highest court in British India after 1773?
A. Court of Directors
B. Supreme Court at Calcutta
C. Mayor’s Court
D. Sadar Diwani Adalat

47. The Supreme Court at Calcutta mainly had jurisdiction over:
A. All Indian rulers
B. Village panchayats
C. British subjects and Company servants
D. Only military officers

48. Which among the following was NOT a jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
A. Electoral jurisdiction
B. Criminal jurisdiction
C. Civil jurisdiction
D. Admiralty jurisdiction

49. Which among the following was a major criticism of the Supreme Court established in 1773?
A. Lack of judges
B. Weak British control
C. Application of English law to Indians
D. No criminal jurisdiction

50. The Regulating Act laid the foundation of:
A. Central administration in British India
B. Indian independence
C. Federal democracy
D. Parliamentary elections in India

51. Match List I with List II regarding defects of the Regulating Act:

A- a-iii, b-i, c-ii, d-iv
B- a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii
C- a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
D- a-iv, b-ii, c-iii, d-i

52. Which among the following was one reason for Company mismanagement?
A. Too much local participation
B. Officials lacked training and local knowledge
C. Democratic administration
D. Strong parliamentary control

53. The Governor-General was often constrained because:
A. He lacked legal authority
B. Parliament dismissed him annually
C. Council decisions were binding by majority
D. No council existed

54. Which among the following best explains the “government by record” system?
A. Extensive use of notes, despatches and reports
B. Oral governance system
C. Village-level elections
D. No written communication

55. Which among the following was NOT one of the Company Boards?
A. Board of Trade
B. Military Board
C. Public Service Commission
D. Board of Revenue

56. Which among the following correctly describes “Factor” in Company administration?
A. Judicial officer
B. Agent transacting mercantile business
C. Revenue collector
D. Military officer

57. The British Parliament believed lands acquired by the Company were acquired in the name of:
A. Governor-General
B. Parliament
C. British King
D. Court of Directors

58. Which among the following was one of the major achievements of the Regulating Act?
A. Creation of centralized control from Bengal
B. Immediate end of corruption
C. Provincial independence
D. End of Company administration

59. Which among the following was NOT a result of the Regulating Act?
A. Parliamentary control increased
B. Supreme Court created
C. Governors gained total independence
D. Bengal administration strengthened

60. The ambiguity in jurisdiction between the Supreme Court and Governor-General mainly related to:
A. Civil and military administration conflicts
B. Trade policy only
C. Religious reform
D. Foreign policy only

61. Assertion (A): The Regulating Act failed to ensure smooth administration in India.
Reason (R): Jurisdictional conflicts between Supreme Court and Governor-General emerged.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

62. Which among the following was modified by the Amending Act of 1781?
A. Company trade monopoly
B. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court
C. Charter of 1600
D. Military Board

63. Under the Amending Act of 1781, the Supreme Court lost jurisdiction over:
A. Criminal matters
B. Admiralty matters
C. Land revenue disputes
D. British subjects

64. Which among the following groups were excluded from Supreme Court jurisdiction in revenue matters after 1781?
A. Landholders and revenue farmers
B. British traders
C. European judges
D. Military officers only

65. The Amending Act required the Court to consider Hindu law for:
A. British merchants
B. Hindus in personal matters
C. Governors only
D. Revenue disputes only

66. For Muslims, the Supreme Court after 1781 had to consider:
A. Roman law
B. Quranic law
C. English common law only
D. Parliamentary law only

67. Which among the following judicial authority of Governor-General in Council was confirmed by the Amending Act?
A. Electoral authority
B. Military authority
C. Appellate judicial authority
D. Religious authority

68. Which among the following was NOT a provision of the Amending Act of 1781?
A. Abolition of Supreme Court
B. Limitation of Court’s jurisdiction
C. Recognition of Governor-General’s judicial authority
D. Framing regulations for provincial courts

69. Under the Amending Act, regulations of Governor-General and Council required approval from:
A. Supreme Court
B. Board of Directors only
C. Crown
D. Nawab of Bengal

70. The Supreme Court after 1781 continued jurisdiction over:
A. All inhabitants of Calcutta
B. Only British soldiers
C. Revenue officers everywhere
D. Indian princes only

71. Match List I with List II regarding provisions of the Amending Act, 1781:

A- a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
B- a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii
C- a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
D- a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii

72. Which among the following helped transform the Company from a trading body into an administrative corporation?
A. Carnatic Wars only
B. Regulating Act, 1773
C. Battle of Plassey only
D. Charter Act, 1833 only

73. Which among the following was a reason for corruption among Company officials?
A. Excessively high salaries
B. Strong training system
C. Low salaries and patronage-based recruitment
D. Democratic selection

74. Which among the following best describes collective responsibility in Company governance?
A. Decisions taken through councils and boards
B. Governor acted alone
C. Judicial supremacy over Parliament
D. Revenue collection by Nawabs only

75. Which among the following was one consequence of the Battle of Plassey?
A. Direct Crown rule
B. Establishment of Supreme Court
C. Expansion of British territorial power
D. Charter Act, 1813

76. The East India Company gradually transformed into:
A. Religious institution
B. Governmental body
C. Military dictatorship
D. Federal state

77. Which among the following best explains Parliament’s fear about Company rule?
A. Company was too democratic
B. Merchants were unsuitable administrators
C. Merchants lacked administrative competence
D. Indians controlled Parliament

78. Which among the following was one feature of Company officials in early years?
A. Frequent transfers and trial-and-error learning
B. Competitive exam recruitment
C. Local language expertise
D. Judicial specialization

79. The Governor-General and Council could frame regulations for:
A. Parliament only
B. British Army only
C. Provincial courts and councils
D. Mughal territories only

80. Which among the following best describes the nature of East India Company administration?
A. Commercial in origin but increasingly political
B. Democratic and representative
C. Entirely military-based
D. Religious monarchy

81. Assertion (A): The East India Company’s administration gradually shifted from commercial to political.
Reason (R): Acquisition of territorial sovereignty increased administrative responsibilities.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

82. Which among the following best explains the rise of British territorial supremacy in India?
A. Decline of British trade
B. Collapse of Mughal Empire and wars among Indian rulers
C. Support from Mughal emperors alone
D. Direct Crown conquest in 1600

83. Which among the following was one of the chief objectives of the British in India?
A. Spread republicanism
B. Promote democracy
C. Capture eastern trade and territorial supremacy
D. End European trade rivalry

84. Which among the following was NOT a European rival of the British in India?
A. Russians
B. Portuguese
C. Dutch
D. French

85. Which among the following was a characteristic feature of Company recruitment?
A. Competitive examination system
B. Patronage-based appointment
C. Election through Parliament
D. Village nomination

86. Which among the following was one consequence of low salaries of Company officials?
A. Better efficiency
B. Corruption among Company servants
C. Strong judicial reforms
D. Improved governance

87. Which among the following best describes a “Writer” in Company hierarchy?
A. Senior merchant officer
B. Military commander
C. Clerical or junior administrative employee
D. Revenue collector only

88. The Company’s administration was mainly characterized as:
A. Government by councils and boards
B. Pure monarchy
C. Democratic parliamentarianism
D. Military dictatorship

89. Which among the following helped prevent uncontrolled authority in Company governance?
A. Military rule
B. Provincial independence
C. Extensive documentation and record keeping
D. Religious control

90. Which among the following best explains Clive’s Dual Government system?
A. Company controlled defence while Nawab handled administration
B. Nawab controlled defence and Company religion
C. British Parliament governed Bengal directly
D. Governors ruled independently

91. Match List I with List II regarding East India Company features:

A- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
B- a-i, b-ii, c-iv, d-iii
C- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
D- a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

92. Which among the following was one criticism of Clive’s Dual Government?
A. Weak revenue collection
B. Exploitation and corruption
C. Democratic excesses
D. Provincial rebellion only

93. Which among the following was one reason Parliament sought to regulate Company affairs?
A. Strong Company finances
B. Indian demand for Parliament
C. Growing corruption and administrative failure
D. French military superiority

94. The Regulating Act increased the tenure stability of Directors by:
A. Electing them for four years with staggered retirement
B. Annual elections of all Directors
C. Crown nomination only
D. Permanent appointments

95. Which among the following became the central seat of British administration after 1773?
A. Bombay
B. Madras
C. Bengal
D. Delhi

96. Which among the following powers did the Governor-General possess in Council?
A. Veto over Parliament
B. Casting vote in case of tie
C. Absolute executive power
D. No judicial authority

97. Which among the following was NOT an objective of the Regulating Act?
A. Centralized administration
B. Parliamentary control
C. Complete independence of Governors
D. Better Company regulation

98. Which among the following was one effect of the Supreme Court established at Calcutta?
A. Improved judicial system for British subjects
B. End of provincial courts
C. Judicial autonomy for Indians only
D. End of Company administration

99. Which among the following best explains the resentment caused by the Supreme Court?
A. Too few judges
B. Weak executive control
C. Imposition of English law on Indians
D. Lack of criminal jurisdiction

100. The Regulating Act is significant because it marked:
A. Beginning of Parliamentary control over Company administration
B. End of British rule
C. Beginning of Indian nationalism
D. Establishment of federal governance

101. Assertion (A): The Regulating Act strengthened centralization in British India.
Reason (R): Bengal exercised authority over Madras and Bombay Presidencies.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

102. Which among the following was a defect of the Regulating Act?
A. No Governor-General existed
B. Provincial courts were not recognized properly
C. Parliament had no role
D. Bengal lost authority

103. Which among the following contributed to friction between Governor-General and Council?
A. Judicial elections
B. Binding majority decisions
C. Parliamentary voting
D. Absence of written rules

104. Which among the following best describes the judicial problem under the Regulating Act?
A. Undefined relation between Supreme Court and existing courts
B. No judges were appointed
C. Court lacked criminal powers
D. Complete judicial independence of provinces

105. Which among the following was a consequence of ambiguity under the Regulating Act?
A. Administrative unity
B. Judicial certainty
C. Conflict between Supreme Court and Governor-General in Council
D. Provincial democracy

106. Which among the following was NOT under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court after 1781?
A. Residents of Calcutta
B. Land revenue disputes
C. British subjects
D. Company servants in relevant matters

107. The Amending Act of 1781 is also called:
A. Charter Amendment Act
B. Judicial Reform Act
C. Declaratory Act
D. Administrative Act

108. Which among the following legal systems were recognized by the Supreme Court after 1781?
A. Hindu and Quranic personal laws
B. Roman law only
C. French legal code
D. Uniform English law only

109. Which among the following gained authority to frame regulations for provincial courts?
A. Supreme Court only
B. Court of Proprietors
C. Governor-General and Council
D. Military Board

110. Which among the following best explains the effect of the Amending Act?
A. Reduced judicial conflict with executive authority
B. Ended parliamentary supervision
C. Removed Governor-General post
D. Established democracy

111. Match List I with List II regarding provisions of the Regulating Act, 1773:

A- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
B- a-i, b-ii, c-iv, d-iii
C- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
D- a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

112. Which among the following was one major feature of Company governance?
A. Direct democracy
B. Collective rule through councils
C. Village assemblies only
D. Monarchical absolutism

113. The Board of Revenue became important because of:
A. Religious functions
B. Foreign diplomacy
C. Revenue administration and long history
D. Electoral management

114. Which among the following best explains why Parliament distrusted Company administration?
A. Traders lacked experience in governance
B. Company was too democratic
C. British Crown opposed trade
D. India lacked revenue

115. Which among the following regions came under Diwani rights in 1765?
A. Punjab, Sindh and Delhi
B. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
C. Bombay and Madras
D. Oudh and Awadh

116. Which among the following best describes British expansion in India between 1757 and 1857?
A. Gradual territorial conquest and consolidation
B. Complete non-interference
C. Federal integration
D. Religious conquest only

117. Which among the following was one of the effects of raising stock qualification in the Court of Proprietors?
A. Broader public participation
B. More compact and organized body
C. Reduced Director authority
D. End of Company influence

118. Which among the following best explains why records became voluminous?
A. Reduction in trade
B. Weak communication
C. Increased political and administrative dealings
D. End of military activity

119. Which among the following best explains the importance of Bengal under British rule?
A. It was ignored by Company
B. It became independent
C. It became centre of British administration
D. It remained under Mughal control

120. Which among the following was one objective of centralized administration?
A. Uniform policy and reduced expenditure
B. Provincial independence
C. Religious decentralization
D. End of Governor-General system

121. Assertion (A): The Supreme Court’s authority created resentment among Indians.
Reason (R): English law was often applied without regard to Indian customs and traditions.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

122. Which among the following was one of the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773?
A. Weak Board of Directors
B. Lack of clarity regarding applicable laws
C. No Governor-General
D. No revenue administration

123. Which among the following had to approve legislation passed under the Amending Act of 1781?
A. Supreme Court
B. Board of Revenue
C. British Crown
D. Nawab of Bengal

124. Which among the following was one major reason for the transformation of the Company into a political body?
A. Acquisition of territorial sovereignty
B. Collapse of British trade
C. Rise of French authority
D. Indian parliamentary reforms

125. Which among the following best describes the role of the Court of Proprietors?
A. Supreme judicial body
B. Body of shareholders influencing Company affairs
C. Military organization
D. Provincial legislature

126. Which among the following best explains Parliament’s insistence on controlling Company administration?
A. Company refused trade
B. Territories were believed acquired in the name of the Crown
C. French pressure
D. Religious motives only

127. Which among the following was NOT among the Company employee grades?
A. Apprentice
B. Writer
C. Commissioner
D. Merchant

128. Which among the following best describes the administrative system of the Company?
A. Commercially derived but increasingly bureaucratic
B. Entirely democratic
C. Federal in structure
D. Tribal in character

129. Which among the following helped the British secure Northern Circars?
A. Battle of Buxar
B. Treaty of Allahabad
C. Carnatic Wars
D. Regulating Act

130. Which among the following best explains why officials learned administration through “trial and error”?
A. Lack of formal training and unfamiliarity with local conditions
B. Strong educational institutions
C. Parliamentary restrictions
D. Judicial supervision only

131. Match List I with List II regarding institutions and functions:

A- a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
B- a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
C- a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
D- a-ii, b-iv, c-iii, d-i

132. Which among the following was an effect of the Regulating Act on Governors of Madras and Bombay?
A. Complete independence
B. Judicial supremacy
C. Subordination to Bengal administration
D. Parliamentary election

133. Which among the following best explains the significance of the Supreme Court at Calcutta?
A. It governed all Indian rulers
B. It became the highest court in British India
C. It ended Company administration
D. It replaced Parliament

134. Which among the following was one criticism of the Governor-General’s Council system?
A. Majority decisions often caused inefficiency
B. Governor-General had unlimited freedom
C. Parliament directly controlled decisions
D. No voting system existed

135. Which among the following best explains why Directors were elected for four years?
A. Encourage annual instability
B. Reduce Crown influence
C. Ensure continuity in management
D. End Company trade

136. Which among the following was one result of Company unfamiliarity with Indian customs?
A. Judicial autonomy for Indians
B. Existing revenue system remained intact
C. End of Nawab authority
D. Religious reforms immediately

137. Which among the following best describes the impact of record keeping in Company governance?
A. Reduced accountability
B. Encouraged absolutism
C. Strengthened hierarchical control and accountability
D. Ended bureaucracy

138. Which among the following was one major effect of Clive’s Dual Government?
A. Severe exploitation of the people
B. Democratic governance
C. Revenue reduction
D. Provincial autonomy

139. Which among the following best explains why Parliament granted the Company a loan in 1773?
A. French invasion fears
B. Mughal pressure
C. Company financial crisis and wars in India
D. Railway development

140. Which among the following became the first Governor-General under the Regulating Act?
A. Warren Hastings
B. Cornwallis
C. Wellesley
D. Dalhousie

141. Assertion (A): The Amending Act of 1781 reduced conflict between judiciary and executive.
Reason (R): It restricted the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over revenue matters.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

142. Which among the following was one objective of Parliamentary control after 1773?
A. Promote Indian self-rule
B. Regulate Company’s political administration
C. Eliminate British trade
D. Restore Mughal sovereignty

143. Which among the following best explains the importance of the Court of Proprietors?
A. Military planning
B. Judicial regulation
C. Shareholder control over Company decisions
D. Revenue collection

144. Which among the following was a feature of Company administration before 1773?
A. Frequent movement of officials without formal training
B. Competitive examinations
C. Indianized bureaucracy
D. Democratic councils

145. Which among the following jurisdictions did the Supreme Court possess?
A. Ecclesiastical only
B. Admiralty only
C. Civil, criminal, admiralty and ecclesiastical
D. Military only

146. Which among the following best describes British expansion after Plassey?
A. Limited to Bengal permanently
B. Gradual conquest of most of India by 1857
C. Complete withdrawal from India
D. Focus on trade only

147. Which among the following was one of the principal weaknesses of indirect Parliamentary control before 1773?
A. Strong accountability
B. Efficient governance
C. Directors focused on personal interests
D. Unified policy

148. Which among the following best explains why the Supreme Court’s relations with existing courts became problematic?
A. Their jurisdictions were not clearly defined
B. No judges were appointed
C. Courts lacked legal powers
D. Parliament abolished local courts

149. Which among the following was one achievement of the Regulating Act?
A. End of corruption immediately
B. Federal governance
C. Foundation of centralized administration
D. Complete judicial clarity

150. Which among the following best describes the nature of British control after 1773?
A. Beginning of Crown supervision over Company administration
B. End of Company influence
C. Complete Indian autonomy
D. Purely military rule

151. Match List I with List II regarding judicial changes after 1781:

A- a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
B- a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii
C- a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
D- a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

152. Which among the following best explains why Bengal became politically important?
A. It remained under French control
B. It became centre of centralized British administration
C. It had no revenue importance
D. Parliament sat there

153. Which among the following was NOT a result of the Amending Act of 1781?
A. Governor-General’s judicial powers confirmed
B. Revenue disputes excluded from Court
C. Supreme Court abolished
D. Provincial regulations authorized

154. Which among the following best describes Company administration by 1858?
A. Political and administrative body under Parliamentary supervision
B. Purely trading institution
C. Independent monarchy
D. Religious authority

155. Which among the following best explains the significance of the Regulating Act?
A. Ended British rule
B. Started democracy in India
C. Initiated Parliamentary oversight and centralization
D. Ended Company trade monopoly completely

156. Which among the following was a major weakness of Company servants?
A. Strong training system
B. Ignorance of local customs and laws
C. Excessive democratic accountability
D. High professionalism

157. Which among the following was one objective of Company record keeping?
A. Eliminate councils
B. Reduce communication
C. Maintain control in hierarchical governance
D. End accountability

158. Which among the following best explains why British Parliament distrusted Company shareholders?
A. They prioritized dividends over administration
B. They opposed trade
C. They supported Indian rulers
D. They refused profits

159. Which among the following legal traditions had to be considered by courts after 1781?
A. Roman law only
B. French civil code
C. Hindu and Islamic personal laws
D. English law exclusively

160. Match List I with List II regarding milestones in Company administration:

A- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv
B- a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
C- a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii
D- a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv