Administrative System in the Deccan – UGC NET History – Practice Questions

Administration of Vijayanagar Empire

1. Who among the following founded the Vijayanagar Empire in 1336?
A) Krishnadevaraya
B) Saluva Narasimha
C) Harihara and Bukka
D) Achyutaraya

2. Vijayanagar was established on the banks of which river?
A) Krishna
B) Godavari
C) Kaveri
D) Tungabhadra

3. Harihara and Bukka had earlier served in the army of:
A) Alauddin Khalji
B) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
C) Ibrahim Lodi
D) Firuz Shah Tughlaq

4. Vidyaranya is remembered in Vijayanagar history primarily as:
A) A military commander
B) A provincial governor
C) A scholar-saint who inspired the founders
D) A Portuguese traveler

5. Vijayanagar administration was mainly characterized by:
A) Tribal confederation
B) Democratic decentralization
C) Loose feudal setup only
D) Centralized administrative structure

6. The Vijayanagar Empire was broadly divided into:
A) Four military zones
B) Central and provincial governments
C) Religious and military units
D) Urban and rural administrations

7. The provincial governor in Vijayanagar administration was known as:
A) Fauzdar
B) Amil
C) Naik
D) Kotwal

8. Which officer acted as a link between villages and the central administration?
A) Dandnayaka
B) Pradhani
C) Senabhova
D) Mahanayakacharya

9. According to one theory, Harihara and Bukka were earlier associated with which dynasty?
A) Cholas
B) Pandyas
C) Kakatiyas
D) Satavahanas

10. After the conquest of Warangal in 1323, Harihara and Bukka served under:
A) Devaraya II
B) Aliya Rama Raya
C) Kampildeva of Anegondi
D) Saluva Timma

11. Which scholar observed that Vijayanagar was a hereditary monarchy requiring strong rulers?
A) Burton Stein
B) D. C. Sircar
C) N. Karashima
D) Nilakanta Sastri

12. Which weak ruler’s reign witnessed Saluva Narasimha overthrowing the ruling authority?
A) Devaraya I
B) Bukka I
C) Mallikarjuna
D) Achyutaraya

13. Saluva Narasimha established which dynasty in Vijayanagar history?
A) Tuluva
B) Sangama
C) Aravidu
D) Saluva

14. The Tuluva dynasty was founded by:
A) Krishnadevaraya
B) Vira Narasimha
C) Harihara II
D) Rama Raya

15. Krishnadevaraya belonged to which dynasty?
A) Sangama
B) Saluva
C) Tuluva
D) Aravidu

16. The fourth dynasty of Vijayanagar, established in 1572, was:
A) Sangama
B) Tuluva
C) Saluva
D) Aravidu

17. Which literary work was authored by Krishnadevaraya?
A) Ain-i-Akbari
B) Rajatarangini
C) Mitakshara
D) Amuktamalyada

18. In Amuktamalyada, Krishnadevaraya emphasized:
A) Temple destruction
B) Nomadic trade
C) Encouragement of commerce and ports
D) Religious persecution

19. Vijayanagar maintained how many treasuries at the capital?
A) One
B) Three
C) Four
D) Two

20. Which treasury was used only during emergencies?
A) Temple treasury
B) Provincial treasury
C) Daily remittance treasury
D) Reserve treasury

21. Match List I with List II regarding Vijayanagar dynasties.

A) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

22. Assertion (A): Vijayanagar kings possessed supreme authority in administration.
Reason (R): The king was bound to accept all decisions of the council of ministers.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

23. Assertion (A): Royal princes were often appointed to important offices in Vijayanagar.
Reason (R): This helped them gain administrative experience.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

24. Which among the following Portuguese travelers described Vijayanagar?
A) Ibn Battuta
B) Marco Polo
C) Domingo Paes
D) Al-Biruni

25. Fernao Nuniz described Vijayanagar mainly during the reign of:
A) Harihara I
B) Krishnadevaraya and Achyutaraya
C) Bukka I
D) Saluva Narasimha

26. The headquarters of a rajya in Vijayanagar administration was known as:
A) Nadu
B) Sthala
C) Uccavadi or Cavadi
D) Amaram

27. The rajyas in Vijayanagar were initially governed by:
A) Brahman priests only
B) Princes of the royal family
C) Portuguese officers
D) Temple authorities

28. According to Subbarayalu, rajyas incorporated which pre-existing divisions in Tamil areas?
A) Sabha and Ur
B) Nadu and Parru
C) Sarkar and Pargana
D) Mahal and Chakla

29. The Nayaka system became prominent during the reign of:
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka I
C) Devaraya I
D) Krishnadevaraya

30. Under the Nayaka system, Nayakas were:
A) Independent rulers from the beginning
B) Religious officers only
C) Officers appointed by the king with rights over land
D) Village accountants

31. Which among the following refers to military officials in charge of forts?
A) Pradhanis
B) Dannayakas
C) Durga-dannayakas
D) Ayagars

32. The landholding allocated to Nayakas was called:
A) Manya
B) Bhandaravada
C) Amaram
D) Nayakattanam

33. According to Nuniz, approximately how many Nayakas existed in the Vijayanagar Empire?
A) 50
B) 100
C) 200
D) 500

34. Karashima refers to more than how many Nayakas in northern Tamil region after 1485?
A) 150
B) 300
C) 400
D) 500

35. Nayakas encouraged settlers mainly to:
A) Promote temple rituals only
B) Convert people to Islam
C) Weaken agriculture
D) Control production and expand cultivation

36. Nayakas administered their territories through agents known as:
A) Gaudas
B) Senabhovas
C) Karyakarta
D) Reddis

37. In return for territory, Nayakas had to:
A) Build temples only
B) Marry into royal family
C) Abandon military functions
D) Maintain troops and remit revenue

38. Which of the following was NOT a tenurial category under Nayaka landholding?
A) Amaram
B) Bhandaravada
C) Manya
D) Jagir

39. Manya land in Vijayanagar was generally granted to:
A) Soldiers
B) Traders
C) Religious institutions
D) Village watchmen

40. The cultivators of Bhandaravada land in Tamil region were known as:
A) Reddis
B) Kaniyalar
C) Talaiyari
D) Ayagars

41. Match List I with List II regarding Nayaka administration.

A) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2

42. Assertion (A): Nayakas could parcel out portions of land to others.
Reason (R): Nayakas possessed rights over the land assigned to them.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

43. Assertion (A): Durga-dannayakas were usually Brahman commanders.
Reason (R): They were entrusted with strategic fortresses.

A) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

44. According to Domingo Paes, the captains in Vijayanagar:
A) Had no independent revenues
B) Were temple servants
C) Held cities, towns, and villages
D) Were elected officials

45. Nuniz stated that cultivators paid what proportion of produce to their lord?
A) One-fourth
B) Half
C) Two-thirds
D) Nine-tenths

46. D. C. Sircar compared amaram tenure with land grants given in exchange for:
A) Marriage alliances
B) Religious conversion
C) Regular services
D) Foreign trade

47. Vijayanagar authority in Tamil region was reasserted under:
A) Harihara II
B) Bukka II
C) Krishnadevaraya
D) Mallikarjuna

48. The traditional pattern of governors in Tamil country was replaced by:
A) Sabha chiefs
B) Brahmadeya councils
C) Village panchayats
D) Military commanders called Nayakas

49. Which scholar viewed Nayakas as “pillars of support” for Vijayanagar kings?
A) Nilakanta Sastri
B) Burton Stein
C) Mahalingam
D) Sircar

50. Which Nayaka revolted against Achyuta in 1531?
A) Cevappa Nayaka
B) Pedda Salakaraju
C) Saluva Narasimha Nayaka (Sellappa)
D) Kumara Kampana

51. According to Venkataramarayya, the Nayankara system had affinities with:
A) Tribal administration
B) Feudalism
C) Bureaucratic socialism
D) Mercantilism

52. Which feature distinguished the Nayankara system from European feudalism according to Venkataramarayya?
A) Tax-free lands
B) Military obligations
C) Absence of fealty and homage
D) Use of cavalry

53. Krishnaswami argued that the Nayankara system in Tamil country began after the conquest by:
A) Krishnadevaraya
B) Saluva Narasimha
C) Harihara I
D) Kumara Kampana

54. According to N. K. Sastri, Nayakas after 1565 became:
A) Completely powerless
B) Temple priests
C) Semi-independent
D) Foreign mercenaries

55. Which battle in 1565 weakened Vijayanagar kingship and strengthened Nayakas?
A) Battle of Talikota (Rakshasi-Tangadi)
B) Battle of Panipat
C) Battle of Khanwa
D) Battle of Haldighati

Correct Option: A

56. N. Karashima argued that the Nayaka system became a ruling system during:
A) Early 14th century
B) Mid-14th century
C) Last quarter of the 15th century
D) Late 17th century

57. The term ‘nayakkattanam’ appeared prominently during whose reign?
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka I
C) Achyutaraya
D) Krishnadevaraya

58. Which scholar denied the existence of royal officials for collecting taxes to the central treasury?
A) Nilakanta Sastri
B) Burton Stein
C) Krishnaswami
D) D. C. Sircar

59. Revenue records containing tax information from villages were called:
A) Farmans
B) Patta
C) Raya-rekha
D) Kaifiyat

60. The transferability of the office of Nayakas has been:
A) Completely proven
B) Established through inscriptions
C) Rejected by historians
D) Not conclusively established

61. Match List I with List II regarding scholars and views.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
C) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
D) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

62. Assertion (A): Nayakas had to maintain military contingents for the king.
Reason (R): Nayakas were granted territory in exchange for military and fiscal obligations.

A) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

63. Assertion (A): Burton Stein accepted the existence of royal revenue officials under Vijayanagar.
Reason (R): He believed taxes were directly collected by the king’s agents.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

64. The Ayagar system in village administration has been particularly associated with the work of:
A) Burton Stein
B) D. C. Sircar
C) T. V. Mahalingam
D) Irfan Habib

65. Under the Ayagar system, how many village functionaries were appointed?
A) Eight
B) Ten
C) Fifteen
D) Twelve

66. The office of Ayagar generally became:
A) Temporary
B) Elective
C) Hereditary
D) Non-transferable

67. Ayagars were maintained through:
A) Military pensions
B) Salaries from the king only
C) Tax-free lands or manya
D) Merchant guild contributions

68. According to Col. Wilks, Ayagars could receive compensation through:
A) Temple grants only
B) Forced labour only
C) Military rewards only
D) Land allotment or crop share

69. Which term is rarely found in Kannada inscriptions and absent in Tamil inscriptions?
A) Nadu
B) Rajya
C) Manya
D) Ayagar

70. Burton Stein raised questions regarding the continuity of which institutions in Tamil areas?
A) Mansabdari and Jagirdari
B) Sabha, Ur, and Nadu
C) Panchayat and Gram Sabha
D) Sultanate iqta system

Correct Option: B

71. Match List I with List II regarding village officials.

A) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
B) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
C) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
D) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

72. Assertion (A): Ayagars held tax-free plots of village land.
Reason (R): These lands formed part of their remuneration for services.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

73. Assertion (A): Krishnaswami believed Nayankara and Ayagar systems weakened local institutions in Tamil country.
Reason (R): These systems strengthened Sabha and Ur institutions.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

74. Income shares granted to village servants were called:
A) Jagir
B) Umbali, Kodage and Srotriya
C) Raiyatwari
D) Muqaddam

75. Payments made in kind under village administration were known as:
A) Kasu Kadamai
B) Suvarndaya
C) Danyadaya
D) Sulavari

76. Payments made in money under Vijayanagar village administration were called:
A) Danyadaya
B) Suvarndaya and Kasu Kadamai
C) Sulavari
D) Rekha

77. Recent studies point to a structural shift in Vijayanagar polity from:
A) Religious councils to tribal chiefs
B) Centralized army to democracy
C) Mahamandaleshwar-based system to Nayaka rule
D) Sultanate to colonial rule

78. In the earlier Vijayanagar phase, revenue was remitted to:
A) Village councils
B) Nayakas directly
C) Temple authorities
D) Rajya headquarters

79. Under Nayakattanam territories, revenue administration came under:
A) Nattavars
B) Sabha
C) Nayakas directly
D) Portuguese traders

80. The total revenue assessment of villages mentioned in inscriptions was known as:
A) Jodi
B) Sulavari
C) Rekha/Rekai
D) Manya

81. Karashima pointed out the decline of which institution under the Nayakas?
A) Sabha
B) Brahmadeya
C) Ur
D) Nattavars

82. The new landholding composition under Nayakas included:
A) Rajputs and Afghans only
B) Vellalas, Reddis and Settis
C) Europeans and Arabs
D) Mughals and Marathas

83. Immigration into newly conquered areas in the 15th century mainly occurred because of:
A) Portuguese invasions
B) Temple destruction
C) Vijayanagar military expansion
D) Islamic conversion policies

84. Nilakantha Sastri suggested the possible existence of:
A) Zamindari system
B) Iqta system
C) Tax-farming practice
D) Mahalwari system

85. Which scholar introduced the idea of ‘portfolio capitalists’ in the Vijayanagar context?
A) Burton Stein
B) Nilakantha Sastri
C) N. Karashima
D) Sanjay Subramaniam

86. Match List I with List II regarding taxes in Vijayanagar administration.

A) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
B) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
D) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

87. Assertion (A): Nayakas established officials for revenue collection and land assessment.
Reason (R): Nayakas directly controlled revenue administration in their territories.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

88. Assertion (A): Nattavars gained more power under Nayaka administration.
Reason (R): Nayakas depended entirely upon Nattavars for governance.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is false

89. The Vijayanagar Empire was founded in:
A) 1325
B) 1347
C) 1336
D) 1310

90. The capital city of Vijayanagar was situated in present-day:
A) Tamil Nadu
B) Andhra Pradesh
C) Telangana
D) Karnataka

91. Which among the following dynasties succeeded the Sangama dynasty?
A) Tuluva
B) Aravidu
C) Saluva
D) Chola

92. Krishnadevaraya punished which powerful minister?
A) Timmarusu
B) Rama Raya
C) Saluva Timma
D) Vira Narasimha

93. Which category of troops formed part of the king’s standing army at the capital?
A) Navy only
B) Elephants, cavalry, and infantry
C) Camels and artillery only
D) Mercenary tribes only

94. The rajyas lost administrative importance after:
A) Sangama rule
B) Bukka’s conquest
C) Introduction of Nayaka system
D) Portuguese arrival

95. Which territorial division sometimes overlapped in nomenclature with rajya?
A) Sabha
B) Sime
C) Sarkar
D) Jagir

96. Match List I with List II regarding territorial divisions.

A) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
B) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
C) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
D) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

97. Assertion (A): Rajyas continued to exist as geographical names even after losing administrative significance.
Reason (R): Nayakas abolished all references to earlier territorial names.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

98. Assertion (A): Nayakas encouraged settlement of cultivators and artisans.
Reason (R): This increased production in their territories.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

99. Which chronicler referred to Vijayanagar as the kingdom of ‘Bisnaga’?
A) Marco Polo
B) Ibn Battuta
C) Fernao Nuniz
D) Duarte Barbosa

100. The defeat of Vijayanagar in 1565 occurred at:
A) Khanwa
B) Panipat
C) Raichur
D) Rakshasi-Tangadi (Talikota)

101. Vijayanagar rulers are believed by some scholars to be of:
A) Persian origin only
B) Arab origin only
C) Telugu origin
D) Rajput origin

102. According to another theory, Harihara and Bukka were feudatories of the:
A) Cholas
B) Satavahanas
C) Kakatiyas
D) Hoysalas

103. The dissolution of Hoysala power occurred approximately in:
A) 1296
B) 1342
C) 1398
D) 1415

104. The king in Vijayanagar administration:
A) Was subordinate to governors
B) Had ceremonial powers only
C) Shared equal authority with ministers
D) Held supreme authority

105. Which ruler of Vijayanagar is regarded as one of the most efficient administrators?
A) Mallikarjuna
B) Harihara II
C) Krishnadevaraya
D) Venkata II

106. Which among the following was emphasized in Amuktamalyada?
A) Suppression of merchants
B) Discouraging foreign trade
C) Temple destruction
D) Improvement of harbours

107. The reserve treasury of Vijayanagar was primarily meant for:
A) Religious donations
B) Salaries of priests
C) Periods of great need or emergency
D) Portuguese trade agreements

108. The rajyas were administered by superior officers called:
A) Nayakas
B) Ayagars
C) Pradhanis
D) Nattavars

109. In later periods, the post of pradhani was increasingly occupied by:
A) Temple priests
B) Military officers
C) Portuguese traders
D) Village elders

110. Which of the following terms denoted a rajya headquarters?
A) Nadu
B) Sthala
C) Manya
D) Cavadi/Uccavadi

111. Match List I with List II regarding Vijayanagar rulers and dynasties.

A) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
D) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

112. Assertion (A): Vijayanagar kings always accepted ministerial advice.
Reason (R): Ministers exercised greater authority than the monarch.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is false

113. Assertion (A): Krishnadevaraya punished Saluva Timma.
Reason (R): Vijayanagar kings occasionally disciplined powerful ministers.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

114. Which among the following divisions existed below rajya?
A) Province only
B) Sime, Sthala and Nadu
C) Sarkar and Pargana
D) Presidency and district

115. The interchangeable use of ‘rajya’ and ‘sime’ indicates:
A) Administrative rigidity
B) British influence
C) Complex territorial nomenclature
D) Decline of military power

116. Kundahatta Sthala existed within:
A) Terekanambi Rajya
B) Vijayanagar Rajya
C) Nagavali Sthala
D) Chola Nadu

117. The peculiar territorial nomenclature was introduced mainly for:
A) Religious propagation
B) Military conquest
C) Portuguese trade
D) Administrative convenience

118. Which type of Nayaka was specifically associated with military duties?
A) Ayagar
B) Dannayaka
C) Talaiyari
D) Karnam

119. Which among the following held strategic forts in Vijayanagar?
A) Sabha chiefs
B) Nattavars
C) Durga-dannayakas
D) Temple accountants

120. The Nayaka-controlled territory could be redistributed in exchange for:
A) Marriage alliances
B) Religious loyalty
C) Revenue and services
D) Portuguese support

121. Match List I with List II regarding land tenure.

A) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
B) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
C) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
D) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

122. Assertion (A): Manya lands were tax-free.
Reason (R): These lands were often granted to religious institutions.

A) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

123. Assertion (A): Nayakas managed territories through Karyakartas.
Reason (R): Nayakas were always present in villages personally.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

124. The Portuguese chronicler who mentioned troop reviews by Krishnadevaraya was:
A) Ibn Battuta
B) Domingo Paes
C) Abdur Razzaq
D) Al-Masudi

125. According to Paes, captains in Vijayanagar maintained:
A) Navy only
B) Religious troops
C) Foot soldiers, horsemen and elephants
D) Camel corps only

126. According to Nuniz, all land in Vijayanagar ultimately belonged to:
A) Nayakas
B) Temples
C) Village communities
D) The king

127. Amaranayakas were primarily responsible for:
A) Conducting temple rituals
B) Maintaining troops and remitting revenue
C) Supervising ports
D) Collecting customs duties only

128. The cultivators of Manya land were generally called:
A) Talaiyari
B) Karyakarta
C) Kudis
D) Pradhanis

129. Which scholar studied Tamil epigraphical sources to explain the Nayaka system logically?
A) Burton Stein
B) Karashima and Subbarayalu
C) Irfan Habib
D) Satish Chandra

130. Nayakas remained obliged to attend:
A) Village assemblies
B) Portuguese courts
C) Temple committees
D) Royal headquarters

131. Which Vijayanagar ruler reasserted authority over Tamil country after earlier conquests?
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka I
C) Krishnadevaraya
D) Mallikarjuna

132. Which among the following replaced the older pattern of governors (Mahamandalesvaras) in Tamil regions?
A) Sabha councils
B) Village elders
C) Military Nayakas
D) Portuguese officers

133. Telugu warriors entering Tamil country contributed to the rise of:
A) Afghan nobility
B) Regional Nayaka chiefs
C) Buddhist monasteries
D) Mughal jagirdars

134. Which ruler’s throne was secured with the support of Pedda and Chinna Salakaraju?
A) Krishnadevaraya
B) Harihara II
C) Achyuta
D) Saluva Narasimha

135. Sellappa revolted partly because of differences with:
A) Kumara Kampana
B) Vira Narasimha
C) Aliya Ramaraya
D) Bukka II

136. Match List I with List II regarding Nayaka personalities.

A) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
D) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1

137. Assertion (A): Nayankara system resembled feudalism in some aspects.
Reason (R): Land was granted in return for military service.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

138. Assertion (A): Nayakas after 1565 remained fully dependent on royal authority.
Reason (R): The defeat at Talikota weakened central kingship.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

139. The Nayaka system continued approximately until:
A) 15th century only
B) 16th century only
C) First quarter of the 17th century
D) End of 18th century

140. References to Nayakkattanam are especially abundant during the reigns of:
A) Harihara I and Bukka I
B) Saluva Narasimha and Devaraya II
C) Krishnadevaraya and Achyutdevraya
D) Rama Raya and Venkata III

141. Even after 1565, Nayakkattanam grants were made by rulers such as:
A) Firuz Shah and Sikandar Lodi
B) Sriranga and Venkata
C) Harihara and Bukka
D) Chola kings

142. Nuniz listed over how many Nayakas in his account?
A) 50
B) 100
C) 200
D) 400

143. According to Karashima, tax authorities in Vijayanagar existed at how many levels?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Five

144. Which among the following taxes was imposed on temples?
A) Pattadai-nulayam
B) Nattu-kanikkai
C) Sulavari
D) Rekai

145. Nattavars were associated with taxes at the level of:
A) Capital city
B) Rajya headquarters
C) Temple complexes
D) Nadu/local territory

146. Match List I with List II regarding tax responsibilities.

A) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
B) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
C) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
D) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

147. Assertion (A): Karashima accepted three levels of tax authorities.
Reason (R): Taxes were collected only by Nayakas.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

148. Assertion (A): The office of Ayagar became hereditary.
Reason (R): Ayagar offices could even be sold or mortgaged.

A) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

149. Under the Ayagar system, villages functioned as:
A) Military cantonments only
B) Temple estates only
C) Separate administrative units
D) Portuguese settlements

150. Which village functionary acted as the watchman?
A) Karnam
B) Maniyam
C) Talaiyari
D) Gauda

151. Which among the following village officials served as the headman under the Ayagar system?
A) Maniyam/Reddi/Gauda
B) Talaiyari
C) Karnam
D) Karyakarta

152. The village accountant in Vijayanagar administration was called:
A) Talaiyari
B) Nayaka
C) Karnam/Senabhova
D) Gauda

153. Ayagars were often granted what type of land for maintenance?
A) Jagir
B) Zamindari
C) Raiyatwari
D) Manya (tax-free land)

154. Which scholar argued that Ayagars displaced Sabha and Ur institutions?
A) N. Karashima
B) D. C. Sircar
C) Burton Stein
D) Romila Thapar

155. Krishnaswami believed the introduction of Nayankara and Ayagar systems led to:
A) Expansion of Chola institutions
B) Portuguese dominance
C) Decline of local institutions in Tamil country
D) Rise of Mughal bureaucracy

156. Village servants such as potters and blacksmiths received:
A) Cash salaries only
B) Income shares for services rendered
C) Military grants
D) Foreign trade profits

157. Which of the following income shares was generally tax-free?
A) Sulavari
B) Kanikkai
C) Pattadai-nulayam
D) Umbali/Kodage/Srotriya

158. The term ‘quit rent’ refers to:
A) War indemnity
B) Rent paid in lieu of income share from tax-free land
C) Temple tax
D) Port duty

159. Payments in kind under village administration were known as:
A) Kasu Kadamai
B) Suvarndaya
C) Danyadaya
D) Sulavari

160. Payments in money under village administration were called:
A) Danyadaya only
B) Suvarndaya and Kasu Kadamai
C) Jodi and Rekha
D) Umbali and Kodage

161. Match List I with List II regarding Ayagar system.

A) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
B) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
C) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
D) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

162. Assertion (A): Ayagars could mortgage their offices.
Reason (R): Ayagar offices became hereditary in nature.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

163. Assertion (A): Burton Stein believed local institutions remained unchanged under Vijayanagar rule.
Reason (R): Sabha and Nadu retained their old Chola importance completely.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is false

164. In the earlier phase of Vijayanagar administration, officials such as Mahamandaleshwar and Mahapradhani were prominent during:
A) 16th century only
B) 17th century only
C) 14th–15th centuries
D) British period

165. Inscriptions from the Nayaka phase mention taxes on:
A) Agriculture only
B) Trade only
C) Temples only
D) Crops, crafts and households

166. Under Nayaka administration, a network of officers was established mainly for:
A) Religious ceremonies
B) Maritime warfare
C) Revenue assessment and collection
D) Literary patronage

167. According to Karashima, the prominence of Nattavars:
A) Increased enormously
B) Remained unchanged
C) Was strengthened by Nayakas
D) Declined under Nayakas

168. The changing composition of landholders under Nayakas included communities such as:
A) Turks and Mongols
B) Vellalas, Reddis and Settis
C) Afghans and Rajputs only
D) Arabs and Persians

169. The migration of people into conquered areas occurred particularly during:
A) 10th century
B) 12th century
C) 15th century
D) 18th century

170. Sanjay Subramaniam used the term ‘portfolio capitalists’ for:
A) Military commanders
B) Temple priests
C) Village servants
D) Mercantile entrepreneurs

171. Match List I with List II regarding scholars and contributions.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
D) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

172. Assertion (A): Nayakas directly controlled revenue administration in Nayakattanam territories.
Reason (R): Revenue was no longer remitted through Rajya headquarters in those regions.

A) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

173. Assertion (A): Portfolio capitalists became politically significant in the later Vijayanagar phase.
Reason (R): They participated in long-distance trade and revenue farming.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

174. Who among the following is regarded as the greatest ruler of Vijayanagar?
A) Mallikarjuna
B) Harihara I
C) Krishnadevaraya
D) Achyutaraya

175. The Battle of Raichur was fought prominently during the reign of:
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka I
C) Krishnadevaraya
D) Mallikarjuna

176. The Battle of Talikota (1565) was fought between Vijayanagar and:
A) Portuguese forces
B) Marathas
C) Deccan Sultanates
D) Mughals

177. The Vijayanagar Empire is often described as a protector of:
A) Buddhism in South India
B) Persian culture
C) Islamic orthodoxy
D) Hindu political traditions in South India

178. The city of Vijayanagar is presently identified with:
A) Madurai
B) Warangal
C) Halebidu
D) Hampi

179. Which foreign traveler visited Vijayanagar during the reign of Devaraya II?
A) Marco Polo
B) Abdur Razzaq
C) Ibn Battuta
D) Duarte Barbosa

180. The Nayankara system is most comparable to which Mughal institution?
A) Zabti system
B) Raiyatwari system
C) Jagirdari/Mansabdari with military obligation
D) Dahsala system

181. Match List I with List II regarding important personalities and contributions.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
D) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2

182. Assertion (A): Krishnadevaraya emphasized better treatment of merchants.
Reason (R): He believed trade could shift to enemy territories if merchants were neglected.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

183. Assertion (A): Nayakas had no military obligations toward the Vijayanagar king.
Reason (R): Nayakas acted as entirely independent rulers from the beginning.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is false

184. Which dynasty ruled Vijayanagar immediately before the Aravidu dynasty?
A) Sangama
B) Saluva
C) Tuluva
D) Chola

185. Vijayanagar’s administrative pattern in the early period depended significantly on:
A) British district administration
B) Mughal mansabdars
C) Mahamandaleshwar and Mahapradhani officials
D) Portuguese naval officers

186. Which among the following best explains Vijayanagar’s provincial structure?
A) Fully autonomous republics
B) Rajyas governed by appointed authorities
C) Temple-controlled territories only
D) Military camps without administration

187. Which scholar’s work is titled A Concordance of Nayakas?
A) Burton Stein
B) Nilakantha Sastri
C) N. Karashima
D) T. V. Mahalingam

188. Vijayanagar rulers encouraged commerce mainly to:
A) Eliminate temples
B) Strengthen tribal rule
C) Increase prosperity and state strength
D) Replace agriculture entirely

189. Which of the following groups became increasingly important politically in later Vijayanagar period?
A) Tribal nomads
B) Mongol traders
C) Afghan nobles
D) Mercantile entrepreneurs

190. The Nayaka system matured particularly during:
A) Early Sangama period
B) Later Vijayanagar phase
C) British period
D) Delhi Sultanate period

191. Match List I with List II regarding administrative categories.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
C) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
D) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

192. Assertion (A): Vijayanagar rulers maintained a reserve treasury.
Reason (R): It was used during emergencies and periods of great need.

A) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

193. Assertion (A): Rajyas remained equally important administrative units after Nayaka system emerged.
Reason (R): Nayakas replaced older administrative importance of rajyas.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

194. Vijayanagar emerged politically after breaking away from:
A) Mughal Empire
B) Bahmani Sultanate
C) Delhi Sultanate
D) Maratha Confederacy

195. Which of the following best characterizes Vijayanagar polity according to N. K. Sastri?
A) Pure democracy
B) Tribal confederacy
C) Military confederacy of chieftains
D) Communist federation

196. Which among the following officers served as an intermediary between villages and central authority?
A) Talaiyari
B) Nayaka
C) Karnam
D) Mahanayakacharya

197. Vijayanagar rulers placed importance on ports mainly because of:
A) Religious festivals
B) Commercial expansion and maritime trade
C) Naval invasions alone
D) Portuguese pressure only

198. The rise of Telugu Nayakas in Tamil country weakened older institutions like:
A) Mansabdari and Jagirdari
B) Sarkar and Pargana
C) Nadu, Nattars and Brahmadeyas
D) Zamindari and Mahalwari

199. The term ‘Garudapraje’ in Kannada referred to:
A) Military commanders
B) Temple priests
C) Cultivators of Bhandaravada land
D) Revenue officers

200. Vijayanagar kings added to the reserve treasury:
A) Only during wars
B) Only during famines
C) Once every ten years
D) During every reign

201. Match List I with List II regarding foreign accounts of Vijayanagar.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
D) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

202. Assertion (A): Vijayanagar Nayakas could become politically powerful enough to challenge kings.
Reason (R): Some Nayakas revolted against royal authority.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

203. Assertion (A): Village administration under Vijayanagar completely rejected hereditary offices.
Reason (R): Ayagar offices became hereditary and transferable.

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

204. The decline of Vijayanagar central authority after 1565 strengthened:
A) Portuguese governors
B) Temple priests only
C) Regional Nayakas
D) Delhi Sultans

205. Vijayanagar’s village administration combined:
A) Pure centralization only
B) Military dictatorship only
C) Hereditary local functionaries with state oversight
D) Complete village independence

206. Which of the following historians emphasized structural changes in Vijayanagar polity over time?
A) Colonial administrators only
B) Recent historiographical studies
C) Greek travelers
D) Persian chroniclers only

207. Vijayanagar polity witnessed continuity and change especially in:
A) Climate and geography
B) Revenue and administrative systems
C) Foreign invasions alone
D) Temple architecture only

208. The emergence of Nayaka states after Vijayanagar decline reflects:
A) Total administrative collapse
B) Portuguese conquest
C) Regionalization of political authority
D) Mughal annexation immediately

209. Which among the following statements best describes Vijayanagar administration?
A) Completely decentralized monarchy
B) Religious oligarchy only
C) Central monarchy with provincial and military intermediaries
D) Tribal republic

210. The Vijayanagar Empire occupies an important place in medieval Indian history because it:
A) Eliminated trade from South India
B) Completely replaced local institutions overnight
C) Became a Mughal dependency
D) Combined military power, administrative innovation and commercial expansion