Analogy – Verbal Reasoning – MBA CUET PG – Notes & Practice Questions

Analogy means correspondence or similarity. This word has been derived from two words “Ana” means “Relation” and “Logy” means “Information”. It shows a comparison to show a similarity between two things. The similarity shows different relation such as unit, country, work, etc.

There are some common relationships which are given below as:

TYPE-1:

A). Country and capital relationship:

This relationships shows that 1″ object is country and 2nd object shows its capital.

For example: China: Beijing:: India: New Delhi

• France: Paris
• Sri Lanka: Colomba
• Australia: Canberra
• Austria: Vienna
• Canada: Ottawa
• Italy: Rome
• Pakistan: Islamabad
• Cuba: Havana

(B) State and capital:

For Example: Rajasthan: Jaipur.

Rajasthan is a state and its capital is Jaipur. Some more examples are given below:

• Tamilnadu: Chennai
• Assam: Dispur
• Bihar: Patna
• Gujrat:Ahmedabad
• Meghalaya Shillong
• West bengal: Kolkata
• Sikkim:Gangtok
• U.P: Lucknow

(C) Country and currency:

Example: India: Rupee

India is related to rupee as its currency.

Some more examples are given below:

• Korea: Won
• USA: Dollar
• China: Renminbi
• Tazakistan: Somoni
• UK: British Pound
• France: Euro
• Nepal: Nepalese rupee
• Germany: Euro

(D) Country and name of parliament:

Example: USA: Congress

• Libya: Majilis an-Nuwwab
• Malaysia: Parliament
• South Korea: National Assembly
• Japan: Diet
• Nepal: Rashtriya Panchayat
• Russia: Duma
• UK: Parliament
• Bangladesh: Jatia Sansad

(E) Instrument and measurements and units:

• Barometer: Atmospheric pressure
• Hygrometer: Humidity
• Lactometer: Purity of milk
• Viscometer: Viscosity of liquid
• Cardiograph: Movement of heart beat
• Frequency: Hertz
• Force: Newton
• Time: Second

(F) Country and its national games:

Example: India: Hockey

• Maldives: Football
• Japan: Sumo
• USA: Baseball
• U.K.: Cricket
• South Korea: taekwondo
• Indonesia: Badminton
• China: Table tennis
• Sri Lanka: Volleyball

(G) Individual and group:

Example: Goods: Stock

A lot of goods called as stock.

Some more examples are given below :

• Bees: Swarm
• Sheep: Flock
• Flowers: Bouquet
• Robbers: Gang
• Musicians: Band
• Ministers: Council
• Soldiers: Army
• Grapes: Bunch

(H) Animal and its young one:

Example: Cow: Calf

Calf is the young one of cow.

Some more examples are given below:

• Duck Ducklings
• Bear: Cub
• Man: Child
• Frog:Tadpole
• Cat: Kitten
• Sheep: Lamb
• Deer: Fawn
• Butterfly: Caterpillar

(I) Individual/Things and their classes:

Example: Man: mammal

Man belongs to the class of mammal.

Some more examples are given below:-

• Snake: Reptile
• Whale: Mammal
• Rat: Rodent
• Table: Furniture
• Ostrich: Bird
• Butterfly: Insect
• Pen: Stationery
• Cup: Crockery

(J) Animals/Things and their sounds:

• Coins: Jingle
• Money: Gibber
• Snake: Hiss
• Elephant: Trumpet
• Hen: Cackle
• Rain: Patter
• Mice: Squeak
• Drum: Beat

(K) Male and Female:

• Monk: Nun
• Wizard: Witch
• Stag: Doe
• Master: Mistress
• Colt: Filly
• Drone: Bee
• Bachelor: Spinster
• Lord: Lady

(L) Individual and dwelling place:

Example: Bee: Hive

A bee lives in a hive.

Some more examples are given below:-

• Lion: Den
• Bird: Nest
• Horse: Stable
• King: Palace
• Soldiers: Barracks
• Spider: Web
• Eskimo: Igloo
• Owl: Owlery

(M) Games and place of playing:

Tennis: Court

Tennis is played in a court.

• Wrestling: Arena
• Cricket: Pitch
• Badminton: Court
• Race: Track
• Boxing: Ring

(N) Professionals and their work places:

Example: Teacher: School.

Some more examples are given below:

• Servant: House
• Clerk: Office
• Worker: Factory
• Mechanic: Garage
• Warrior: Battlefield
• Gambler: Casino
• Umpire: Pitch
• Doctor: Hospital

(O) Study and topic:

Example: Pedology: Soil.

Some more examples are given below:

• Pathology: Diseases
• Seismology: Earthquake
• Ornithology: Birds
• Mycology: Fungi
• Botany: Plants
• Cardiology: Heart
• Taxonomy: Classification
• Physiology: Human body

(P) Product and material:

Example: Jewellery: Gold

Jewellery is made of Gold.

Some more examples are given below.

• Rubber: Latex
• Furniture: Lumber
• Fabric: Yarn
• Paper: Pulp
• Jaggery: Sugarcane
• Metal: Ore
• Limestone: Cement
• Clothes of fabrics: Cotton

(Q) Word and synonym:

Example: Inception: Beginning.

Both words are used for starting or source.

Some more examples are given below:-

• Paradox: Juxtaposition
• Vigorous: Active
• Proliferate: Generate
• Blame: Censure
• Adulation: Applause
• Diligent: Attentive
• Counsel: Advice
• Bravery: Fortitude

(R) Word and Antonym:

Example: Absolve: Accuse

• Accord: Disagreement
• Bleak: Pleasant
• Consent: Disagree
• Cease: Begin
• Efface: Maintain
• Impute: Support
• Jejune: Exciting
• Judicious: Foolish

(S) Disease and Causative Agent:

Example: Cholera: Contaminated food and water.

Some more example are given below:-

• Typhoid Fever : Food
• Tetanus: Injured surface
• Tuberculosis : Air
• Rabies: Animal Bite
• Influenza: Droplet infection
• Malaria: Mosquito
• Beef Tapeworm: Beef consumption
• Eye worm: Deerfly

TYPE–2: ALPHABETICAL ANALOGY

Alphabetical Analogy is a type of Analogy where one alphabetical letter or word is related to another based on a fixed logical pattern. Your task is to establish the same relationship between the remaining part of the question.

Examples

1. ACE : GIK :: RTV : XZB
   ACE → GIK (each letter increases by +6)
   RTV → XZB (each letter increases by +6)

In Alphabet Analogy, the change between two words follows three rules:

1. Increment or decrement in place value
2. Opposite alphabets
3. Cross-coded transformation

1. Increment and Decrement in Place Value

Place value means the numerical position of a letter in the alphabetical order.
Example: K = 11

Examples

(a) BE : GJ :: HK : MP

• Letters B E → increased by +5 → G J

• Apply the same rule to H K

  • H + 5 = M

  • K + 5 = P

• Therefore: HK → MP

(b) PMJ : NKH :: YUS : WSQ

• Letters decrease by –2 place value

• Apply –2 to Y, U, S → W, S, Q

• Therefore: YUS → WSQ

2. Opposite Alphabets

Total alphabets = 26
Opposite alphabets are formed by pairing the 1st with 26th, 2nd with 25th, and so on.

Trick:
Think of it as:
1 ↔ 26, 2 ↔ 25, 3 ↔ 24, … 13 ↔ 14

Opposite Letters (Easy Tricks to Remember)

These word-pairs use opposite alphabet pairs:

• AZ a d

• B O Y

• Cra X

• H i g h S c h o o L

• Ind i a n R a i l w a y

• Jack & Queen

• D e w

• F U l l

• Grand Tr a n k (G.T. Road)

• Kamla Pasand (P.K.)

• L O v e

• Narendra Modi

These words contain opposite alphabet pairs to help in memorisation.

Example

LEAP changes to OVZK when every alphabet is replaced with its opposite alphabet.
Similarly, CELLO will change to XVOOL.

So,
LEAP : OVZK :: CELLO : XVOOL

In LEAP year alphabet change with their opposite alphabet then it changes as OVZK. For CELLO the result will be XVOOL.

(a) DOWN : MDLW :: TYPE : VKBG

(b) RELATION : IVOZGRLM :: CABINET : XZYRMVG

3. CROSS-CODED ANALOGY

Cross-coded means converting a word using a combination of:

• Increment
• Decrement
• Opposite letters

The letters change in a crossed pattern according to the given rule.

Example 1

JUMBLE → FQYNVO
BONUSR → ?

The same pattern applied to BONUSR gives: LYFMIH

So,
JUMBLE : FQYNVO :: BONUSR : LYFMIH

Example 2

WONDER changes in cross-coded form (using opposite letters) to RESPECT:

WONDER → IVWMLD
RESPECT → GXVKHVI

Example 3

JUST : SHJI :: BITE : ATIX

Here opposite letters are taken and then each letter is increased by 2 positions to get the final result.

TYPE–3: NUMBER ANALOGY

Number analogy follows a similar logic:
A number or a set of numbers changes to another number or set using a specific rule.

There are two types:

1. A number changes to another number using the same logic

Example:
11 : 111 :: 13 : 157

Explanation:
11 relates to 111 as (121 – 10) = 111.
13 relates to 157 as (169 – 12) = 157.

2. A number set is related to another number set

Example:
(40, 20, 10) is related to (32, 16, 8)

Here, each digit of the second set is exactly half of the previous digit in the sequence.

Important Note

In number analogy, the relationship must follow a fixed mathematical pattern, such as:

• Addition or subtraction

• Multiplication or division

• Squaring or cubing

• Halving or doubling

• Digit sum

• Any consistent mathematical operation

Always ensure that the logic between the number pairs is definite and consistent.

Solved Examples

1. House : Rent :: Capital : ?

(a) Interest
(b) Investment
(c) Country
(d) Money

Solution: (a)
House is lent on rent. Similarly, capital earns interest.

2. NUMBER : UNMBRE :: GHOST : ?

(a) HOGST
(b) HOGTS
(c) HGSOT
(d) HGOST

Solution: (c)
Two adjacent letters are interchanged.

NUMBER → UNMBRE
Similarly,
GHOST → HGSOT

3. 18 : 30 :: 36 : ?

(a) 64
(b) 66
(c) 54
(d) 62

Solution: (b)
18 × 2 = 36 and 36 – 6 = 30
Similarly:
36 × 2 = 72 and 72 – 6 = 66

4. France : Paris :: Italy : ?

(a) Austria
(b) Havana
(c) Rome
(d) Bolivia

Solution: (c)
Rome is the capital of Italy.

5. West Bengal : Kolkata :: Rajasthan : ?

(a) Jaipur
(b) Lucknow
(c) Dispur
(d) Chennai

Solution: (a)
Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan.

6. 9 : 28 :: 56 : ?

(a) 3
(b) 18
(c) 112
(d) 169

Solution: (d)
9 × 3 + 1 = 28
56 × 3 + 1 = 169

7. IJ : LM :: PQ : ?

(a) TU
(b) VW
(c) ST
(d) US

Solution: (c)
I → L (+3)
J → M (+3)

Similarly,
P → S (+3)
Q → T (+3)

So, PQ → ST

8. Writer : Pen :: Blacksmith : ?

(a) Chisel
(b) Saw
(c) Hammer
(d) Spade

Solution: (c)
Pen is the main instrument for a writer.
Hammer is the main instrument for a blacksmith.

9. 30 : 16 :: 102 : ?

(a) 49
(b) 52
(c) 72
(d) 98

Solution: (b)
30 ÷ 2 = 15 and 16 – 15 = 1
Then 1 + 16 = 17?
But according to the printed logic:

30 ÷ 2 = 15
16 – 15 = 1
102 ÷ 2 = 51
1 + 51 = 52

So the answer is 52.

10. Milk : Butter :: ? : ?

(a) Banana : Fruit
(b) Wood : Paper
(c) Chilly : Spice
(d) Juice : Health

Solution: (b)
Butter is made from milk.
Paper is made from wood.