TOPIC INFO (UGC NET)
TOPIC INFO – UGC NET (Economics)
SUB-TOPIC INFO – Environmental Economics and Demography (UNIT 9)
CONTENT TYPE – Detailed Notes
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1. Introduction
2. Fertility
2.1. Basic Concepts
2.2. Measures of Fertility
3. Mortality
3.1. Basic Concepts
3.2. Measures of Mortality
4. Morbidity
4.1. Basic Concepts
4.2. Measures of Morbidity
5. Interrelationship Among the Three Concepts
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Concepts and Measures: Fertility, Morbidity, Mortality
UGC NET ECONOMICS
Environmental Economics and Demography (UNIT 9)
Introduction
Demography, the scientific study of human populations, relies on a set of precisely defined concepts and measures relating to fertility, mortality, and morbidity to analyze population change, structure, and health outcomes. These measures are indispensable tools in population economics, health economics, and development economics, as they underlie the calculation of population growth rates, the demographic transition, the demographic dividend, and indicators of human development such as life expectancy. For UGC NET Economics, a precise understanding of the definitions, formulas, and distinctions among these measures is essential, since questions frequently test the ability to distinguish between closely related concepts such as crude rates, specific rates, and standardized rates.
Fertility
Basic Concepts
Fertility refers to the actual reproductive performance of a population—that is, the number of live births occurring within a given population over a specified period. This is distinct from fecundity, which refers to the physiological capacity of a woman (or population) to reproduce, regardless of whether that capacity is actually realized. Fecundity represents a biological potential, while fertility represents its realized outcome.