1. Knowledge is most widely defined in epistemology as:
A. True belief
B. Justified belief
C. Opinion based on evidence
D. Justified true belief
Answer: D

2. Which Greek term in ‘Epistemology’ refers specifically to ‘knowledge’?
A. Logos
B. Sophia
C. Episteme
D. Nous
Answer: C

3. The branch of philosophy that critically examines the nature, sources, and validity of knowledge is called:
A. Metaphysics
B. Logic
C. Ethics
D. Epistemology
Answer: D

4. Philosophy is described as a second-order discipline because it:
A. Produces empirical knowledge
B. Depends entirely on science
C. Examines the claims of other intellectual activities
D. Is inferior to natural sciences
Answer: C

5. Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for knowledge?
A. Truth
B. Belief
C. Justification
D. Utility
Answer: D

6. The statement “I know p, but p is false” is considered:
A. Empirically false
B. Meaningful but incorrect
C. Logically contradictory
D. Psychologically possible
Answer: C

7. According to John Hospers, knowing differs from believing because knowing:
A. Is always psychological
B. Requires truth
C. Does not involve propositions
D. Is dispositional only
Answer: B

8. Which of the following best illustrates a belief that is true but not knowledge?
A. Mathematical axioms
B. Lucky guess that happens to be correct
C. Verified scientific law
D. Analytic proposition
Answer: B

9. Propositions are best described as:
A. Spoken sentences
B. Psychological states
C. Meanings capable of being true or false
D. Linguistic symbols only
Answer: C

10. Which kind of sentences alone express propositions?
A. Commands
B. Questions
C. Exclamations
D. Assertive sentences
Answer: D