TOPIC INFO (UGC NET)
TOPIC INFO – UGC NET (History)
SUB-TOPIC INFO – History (UNIT 9)
CONTENT TYPE – Short Notes
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1. Panchsheel
1.1. What is Panchsheel?
1.2. History and Principles
1.3. Analysis
1.4. Significance
1.5. Limitation
1.6. Did China practice this principle?
2. Emergency
2.1. The Pre-Emergency Crises
2.2. Gujarat and Bihar Unrest
2.3. The JP Movement
2.4. The Emergency
2.5. Public Response to the Emergency
2.6. Towards Ending the Emergency
2.7. Surprise Elections 1977
3. Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation of Indian Economy
3.1. Factors Leading to LPG Reforms
3.2. LPG Reforms (1991)
3.3. Objectives of LPG Reforms
3.4. Key Components of LPG Reforms
3.5. Impact of LPG Reforms
3.6. Challenges and Criticism of LPG Model
3.7. Post-LPG Reforms and Recent Developments
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UGC NET HISTORY (UNIT 9)
Panchsheel
The Panchsheel Agreement, also known as the Five Principles of Coexistence, is a set of principles that govern inter-state relations. It was first explicitly enunciated on April 29, 1954, in the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between China’s Tibet province and India. The document was signed by Chang Han-fu, China’s Deputy Foreign Minister, and N. Raghavan, India’s Ambassador. Panchsheel is an important topic covered in the UPSC Mains exam’s International Relations segment.
What is Panchsheel?
The Panchsheel, or “Five Principles of Peaceful Existence,” was a joint statement issued by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during his visit to India in 1954. It was the era of the end of colonialism and the birth of new nations in Asia and Africa.
These five principles were as follows:
- Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
- Mutual non-aggression.
- Mutual non-interference in internal matters.
- Equality and mutual benefit
- Peaceful co-existence.
- The Panchsheel principles resonated with India’s desire to maintain its independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.
- India focused on establishing equal footing with other countries and obtaining protection from external invasions.
- India saw China as an equal partner and dependable neighbor. Nehru was deeply influenced by communist ideology, as India was one of the first countries to recognize China’s communist government.
- India not only supported China’s permanent seat on the UN Security Council but also invited China to participate in the Bandung Conference.