TOPIC INFO (UGC NET)
TOPIC INFO – UGC NET (Geography)
SUB-TOPIC INFO – Geography of Environment (UNIT 4)
CONTENT TYPE – Detailed Notes
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1. Need for Environmental Agreements?
2. Agreements on Climate Protection
3. Agreements on Ozone Layer
4. Agreements on Climate Change
5. Agreements on Marine, Water and Environmental Protection
6. Availability of Information and Participation
7. Agreements on Waste Management
8. Prevention of Environmental Damage Caused by Chemicals
9. Environmental Impact Assessment
10. Protection of Flora and Fauna and Biological Diversity.
11. Bilateral Agreements
11.1. Sweden
11.2. Norway
11.3. Poland
11.4. Russia
11.5. Estonia
11.6. Romania
11.7. Bulgaria
12. Ramsar Convention On Wetlands
12.1. What is a Wetland Ecosystem?
12.2. What are Ramsar Wetlands?
12.3. What is Ramsar Convention on Wetlands?
12.4. Mission & Purpose
12.5. Structure
12.6. Criteria for Identification of Wetlands
12.7. Significance of Wetlands
12.8. Threats to Wetland Ecosystem
12.9. India’s Wetlands of International Importance
12.10. The Montreux Record
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International Environmental Treaties
UGC NET GEOGRAPHY
Geography of Environment (UNIT 4)
International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) are legally binding or non-binding treaties between countries aimed at protecting the environment, managing natural resources, and addressing global environmental problems that cross national borders.
They are usually negotiated under the United Nations (UN) or other international organizations.
Need for Environmental Agreements?
Environmental problems often:
- Cross national boundaries (e.g., air pollution, climate change)
- Affect global commons (oceans, atmosphere, biodiversity)
- Cannot be solved by one country alone
IEAs promote:
- Collective responsibility
- Standardized rules
- Financial and technological support
- Monitoring and compliance mechanisms
Agreements on Climate Protection
- 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
- 1984 Geneva Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMΕΡ)
- 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions on their Transpoundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent
- 1988 Sofia Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes
- 1991 Geneva Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes
- 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
- 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals
- 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
- 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone