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Book No. – 3 (Political Science)
Book Name – A History of Political Thought: Plato to Marx (Subrata Mukherjee & S. Ramaswamy)
What’s Inside the Chapter? (After Subscription)
1. LIFE SKETCH
2. ENLIGHTENMENT
3. ROUSSEAU’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
4. ANALYSIS OF INEQUALITY
5. INSTITUTION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY
6. CIVIL SOCIETY
7. GENERAL WILL AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
8. ROLE OF THE LEGISLATOR
9. CRITIQUE OF LIBERAL REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
10. FEDERATION OF NATIONS FOR WORLD PEACE
11. WOMEN AND FAMILY
12. CONCLUSION
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LANGUAGE
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Chapter – 7
Table of Contents
- Rousseau emphasized that the people are the ultimate source of all legitimate territorial authority.
- Government is seen as the agent and delegate of the sovereign people.
- The common good is the criterion for sound legislation and satisfactory administration.
- The state is organic in nature, not a mere mechanism.
- The basis of political obligation is consent, and there is no inherent antagonism between freedom and authority, lawand liberty, man and the State.
- Rousseau’s revolutionary political theory was foreshadowed in his work The Social Contract.
- Marx and Lenin’s contributions to political theory were primarily about the economic bases for the withering away of the state, but Rousseau already laid the foundations.
- Rousseau’s sovereign is the externalized general will, aligning with a natural harmonious order.
- His ideas, when combined with the principle of popular sovereignty and popular self-expression, led to totalitarian democracy.
- Rousseau is considered one of the greatest French philosophers and the most exciting political theorist in history.
- He was known for his controversial and complex ideas, offering contradictory interpretations.
- Individualism and collectivism were seen in his works, as he was regarded both as a champion of individual rightsand as a collectivist.
- Rousseau’s legacy includes being seen as a democrat or precursor to modern totalitarianism, depending on the perspective.
- His influence extended to early socialists, as well as German Idealists and Kant, who credited him for his moral insights.
- Rousseau made a passionate appeal for human equality and called for revolutionary changes in society.
- In his work Discourses on the Origins of Inequality, Rousseau critiqued contemporary society, while in The Social Contract, he offered remedies for creating a humane society.
- Rousseau proposed General Will as the basis for legitimate power and authority and explored the reconciliation of freedom and authority.
- He focused on merit, liberty, and equality in a consensual, participatory, and democratic society.
- Rousseau’s later works, such as Project of a Constitution for Corsica, reflected his thoughts on institutional arrangements and educational practice.
- His early career was marked by his criticism of luxury and advocacy for simplicity, believing progress only increased dependence and undermined natural independence.
- Rousseau shared philosophical ideas with Plato, such as the view that political subjection is primarily ethical, and the community is the highest moralizing agency.
LIFE SKETCH
- Rousseau was born on June 28, 1712, in Geneva.
- He achieved mastery in music, politics, and education, with his fame primarily resting on his writings.
- His father was a watchmaker, and his mother’s death shortly after his birth caused the family to fall apart.
- Rousseau’s parents were Protestants, but he was converted to Catholicism under the influence of Madame de Warens, with whom he later became romantically involved.
- He led the life of a vagabond and only began to educate himself later in life, as detailed in his Confessions.
- At age 30, Rousseau moved to Paris and befriended Diderot, whose Encyclopedia included some of Rousseau’s writings on music.
- From 1743 to 1744, Rousseau served as the secretary to the French ambassador in Venice.
- He began an intimate relationship with Therese le Vasseur in 1745, who later became the mother of his five children, all of whom he abandoned in an orphanage.
- He eventually married Therese, but his eccentric, egoistic, and overbearing personality led to the severing of his friendships with Diderot, Hume, and Voltaire.
- Rousseau gained fame with his prize-winning essay, Discourse on the Science and Arts, in which he rejected progressbased on the arts and sciences, arguing it did not elevate moral standards.
- In his Discourses, Rousseau traced the rise of inequality and the fall of the human individual.
- The Discourses were dedicated to the natives of Geneva, a city that influenced Rousseau profoundly.
- In his novel La Nouvelle Heloise (1761), Rousseau revisited the themes of his early essays, expressing a preference for nature and the simple pleasures of country life.
- His Confessions, published posthumously, and Reveries d’un Promeneur Solitaire contained idyllic descriptions of nature and the beauty of Switzerland’s lakes and the Alps.
- Rousseau composed operas, with Le Devin du Village (The Village Soothsayer) being an instant hit when performed in Paris on March 1, 1753.
- Even the king of France, though tone-deaf, tried to hum the melodies from his opera.
- Rousseau’s music remained central to the Paris opera for years.
- He also wrote a dictionary of music and developed a new system of musical notation.
- Rousseau faced persecution for religious reasons, with The Social Contract and Emile being burned in Paris and Geneva.
- Facing imprisonment, Rousseau went into hiding.
- Rousseau died in 1778.