1. Indica of Megasthenes was preserved in later Greek accounts. Which one of the following Greek travellers’ account is not associated with Indica? (JUNE 2012)

(1) Ktesius
(2) Strabo
(3) Arrian
(4) Pliny

Answer: 1

Ktesius of Knidos is not associated with Megasthenes’ Indica. Ktesius wrote History of Persia and worked in the Achaemenid court. Megasthenes, an Indian ethnographer, authored Indica, detailing the Mauryan empire. References to Indica can be found in the works of Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian.

2. Arrange the following in correct chronological order: (JUNE 2012)

I. The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
II. Cosmos Indikopleustes
III. Geography of Ptolemy
IV. Indica of Megasthenes
Choose the answer from the codes given below:
(1) I, II, III, IV
(2) I, III, IV, II
(3) IV, I, III, II
(4) III, IV, I, II

Answer: 3

The correct chronological order is as follows

• Indica of Megasthenes (4th century BCE): Written by Megasthenes, an ancient Greek historian and diplomat, it provides an account of Mauryan India. His original work is lost, but fragments are known through later references.
• The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (1st century CE): A Greek text on navigation and trade routes along the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, describing ports in North Africa, Sindh, and South-West India.
• Geography of Ptolemy (2nd century CE): Written by Ptolemy, an Egyptian geographer, this work includes a detailed cartographical treatise, gazetteer, and atlas of the Roman Empire.
• Cosmos Indikopleustes (6th century CE): Authored by Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek merchant and hermit, this work describes the geography and trade of India, reflecting the author’s experiences and knowledge of the Indian Ocean region.

Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

3. Which one of the following evidence is not the correct evidence of Rama Gupta in later period? (JUNE 2012)

(1) Manasollasa of Someshwara
(2) Shankararya’s Commentary on Harshcharita
(3) Majmat-ul-Tawarikh of Abul Hasan Ali
(4) Sanjan Tamrapatra of Amoghvarsha

Answer: 1

Manasollasa of Someshwara does not have evidence of Rama Gupta. Manasollasa is also referred to as the Abhilashitastha Chintamani of early 12 th century Sanskrit text. It was composed by king Someshwara III of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty. Rama Gupta was the immediate successor of Samudra Gupta.

4. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (JUNE 2012)

Codes:
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(2) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(3) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(4) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II

Answer: 1

The correct match of list I and list II are as follows William Jones wrote the journal Asiatic Researches. James Fergusson wrote is Archaeology in India Alexander Cunningham wrote The Stupa of Bharhut James Burgess wrote the book Indian Antiquary Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

5. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below. (DEC 2012)

Codes:
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
(2) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(3) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Answer: 1

The correct match of the List I and List II is as follows

Al-Biruni’s records were translated by Carl Edward Sachau. Al-Biruni, a scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age, visited India in 1017 and documented his observations in “Al-Biruni’s India.”

Megasthenes’s work “Indica” was translated by George McCrindle. Megasthenes, a Greek writer who visited India during the Mauryan period, provided an account of the Mauryan Empire in “Indica.” George McCrindle, a Scottish philologist, translated his work. Fa-Hien’s works were translated by James Legge. Fa-Hien, a Buddhist monk who traveled to India between 399 and 412 CE, described his journey in “A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms.” James Legge, a Scottish linguist and missionary, translated Fa-Hien’s accounts.

Xuanzang’s work was translated by Samuel Beal. Xuanzang, also known as Hiuen-Tsang, was a 7th-century Buddhist monk who documented the interaction between Chinese and Indian Buddhism during Harsha’s reign. Samuel Beal was the first Englishman to translate early Chinese Buddhist records directly.

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

6. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below. (DEC 2012)

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(4) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Answer: 2

The correct match of List I and List II is as follow:

Ashvaghosha – Buddhacharita

Ashvaghosha was a renowned early Buddhist poet and philosopher. His most famous work is the Buddhacharita (Acts of the Buddha), an epic poem that narrates the life of Gautama Buddha. The Buddhacharita is a key text in understanding early Buddhist literature and provides a poetic account of the Buddha’s life and teachings.

Bhasa Balacharita

Bhasa was an ancient Sanskrit playwright known for his contributions to classical Indian drama. One of his notable plays is Balacharita (The Story of the Young Hero), which is a historical drama about the early life of King Bharata, a prominent figure in Indian mythology. Bhasa’s plays are significant for their exploration of themes such as heroism, duty, and moral dilemmas.

Vishakhadatta – Mudrarakshasa

Vishakhadatta was a classical Sanskrit playwright and author of the political drama Mudrarakshasa (The Ring of the Raksasa). This play is set in the context of the Mauryan Empire and centers around the political machinations of the court during the time of Chandragupta Maurya. The play is known for its detailed portrayal of ancient Indian politics and intrigue.

Hemachandra – Kumarpalacharita

Hemachandra was a scholar and poet from the 12th century, known for his works on Jain literature and history. His notable work, Kumarpalacharita (The Life of Kumarapala), is a historical narrative about Kumarapala, a king of Gujarat. The text provides insights into the political and cultural life of the time and reflects Hemachandra’s deep knowledge of the historical context.

7. In which year was the first English translation of Arthashastra published? (DEC 2012)

(1) 1905
(2) 1909
(3) 1915
(4) 1960

Answer: 3

The first English translation of the Arthashastra was published in 1915 by R. Shamasastry. The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya (Chanakya), is an ancient treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Shamasastry discovered the manuscript in 1905, published the Sanskrit edition in 1909, and translated it into English in 1915. The text, composed between the 2nd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, was influential until the 12th century.

8. Fragments of Devi-Chandragupta, a lost drama written by Vishakhadatta, are preserved in the following: (DEC 2012)

I. Katha-Saritsagara
II. Shrinagara-Prakasha
III. Viddhashalabhanjika
IV. Harshacharita

Select the correct answer:
(1) I and III
(2) II and IV
(3) Only II
(4) III and IV

Answer: 3

Fragments of the lost Sanskrit drama Devi-Chandragupta, written by Vishakhadatta, are preserved in the Shringara-Prakasha authored by Raja Bhoja, the king of Paramara dynasty in the early 11th century. The Devi-Chandragupta is a political drama attributed to Vishakhadatta, who is also known as Vishakhadatta. Although the complete text of this play is no longer available, portions of it survive in the Shringara-Prakasha. This work is a significant Sanskrit poetic text, which was documented in 1908 and comprises 36 chapters. It contains quotations and references to the Devi-Chandragupta, thus offering insights into the content of the lost drama.

9. Match List I (Name of the books) with List II (Authors of the book) and select the correct answer from the codes given below. (JUNE 2013)

Codes:
(1) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(2) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(4) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III

Answer: 1

The correct match of the given List I and List II is as follows:

• John Malcolm’s Sketch of Political History of India (1811): It is one of the earliest British narrative histories of India, focusing on the period from 1784 to 1805. Malcolm’s role as a Scottish historian and East India Company diplomat is accurately highlighted.
• James Mill’s The History of British India (1817-1818, revised 1881): Mill’s work critically examines various aspects of Indian history, religion, and laws within a colonial framework. It is a significant text in the context of British historiography of India.
• Mountstuart Elphinstone’s The History of India (1841): It is an account of Hindu and ancient Indian civilization, praised for its detailed and balanced presentation. Your description of its fairness and detail is accurate.
• V.A. Smith’s The Early History of India (1904): It covers Indian history from 600 BCE to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great and is well-known for its analytical approach to early Indian history.

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

10. The Romaka Siddhanta in Indian astronomy shows signs of: (JUNE 2013)

(1) Roman influence
(2) Greek influence
(3) Iranian influence
(4) Arabian influence

Answer: 2

Romakasiddhänta is considered one of the five major astronomical canons discussed in Varähamihira’s Pañcasiddhāntikā. The Romakasiddhānta is notable for its Greek influence and is one of the key systems. examined by Varähamihira. The treatise reflects the integration of Greek astronomical knowledge into Indian astronomy, showcasing the cross-cultural exchanges that shaped ancient Indian scientific thought.

11. Match List I (Authors) with List II (Definitions of history) and select the correct answer from the codes given below. (JUNE 2013)

Codes:
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Answer: 1

The correct match of List I and List II is as follows:

• Michael Oakeshott: He indeed viewed history as a distinct mode of experience and emphasized that our understanding of the past is influenced by our current perspectives. This aligns with the definition “The fact is… that the past in history varies with the present.”
• George Macaulay Trevelyan: His focus was on the educational value of history rather than its scientific aspects. He believed that history’s true value lies in its ability to educate and reflect on the past, which matches the definition “The value of history is not scientific. Its true value is educational.”
• R.G. Collingwood: He argued that history is essentially the history of thought and that understanding past actions is central to historical study. This fits with the definition “All history is history of thought.”
• J.B. Bury: He considered history to be a science rather than just a branch of literature, focusing on its scientific and systematic study of the past. This corresponds with the definition “History is herself simply a science, no less and no more.”

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

12. The writer of Kural, the famous Deccan epic, was: (JUNE 2013)

(1) Kamban
(2) Ottakuttan
(3) Puglenid
(4) Tiru-Valluvar

Answer: 4

The writer of the famous Tamil work Kural (often referred to as Tirukkural) is Tiru-Valluvar. It is also called the “Bible of Tamil Land” due to its profound wisdom and moral teachings, which cover various aspects of life. This revered text is a cornerstone of Tamil literature and continues to influence Tamil culture and philosophy.

13. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below. (JUNE 2013)

Codes:
(1) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(2) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(3) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(4) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

Answer: 2

The correct match of List I and List II is as follows:

• Tolkappiyam: Ancient Tamil grammar text and oldest extant long work of Tamil literature.
• Tirukkural: Philosophical text divided into teachings on virtue, wealth, and love.
• Silappadikaram: Tragic love story of Kannaki and Kovalan, part of Sangam literature.
• Paripadal: A collection of 24 poems reflecting philosophical and devotional themes.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

14. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below. (DEC 2013)

Codes:
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(4) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II

Answer: 4

• Bhanumati was written by Chakra Panidatta. He was an 11th-century Bengali scholar noted for his annotations on the Charakasanghita and Sushruta, earning titles like ‘Charaka Chaturanana’ and ‘Sushruta Sahasranayana’.
• Shalihotra was authored by Raja Bhoja. Bhoja, a monarch of the Paramara dynasty (c. 1010-1055 CE), was a renowned scholar and king, and his work focuses on horses, their diseases, and remedies.
• Vrikshayurveda was written by Sureshvara is book on plant life and medicinal uses written by Surapala, a Royal Physician in the court of King Bhimapala in the 10th century CE.
• Chikitsasara-Samgraha was authored by Vangasena, a comprehensive text on Ayurveda.

15. Match List I (Authors) with List II (Works on Law) and select the correct answer from the codes given below.(DEC 2013)

Codes:
(1) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(2) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I

Answer: 3

The correct matching of the Authors and their respective works of the law are as follows

• Jimutavahana: Dayabhaga-Jimutavahana is renowned for his work Dayabhaga, which is a significant text on Hindu law, particularly focusing on inheritance and property distribution.
• Govindaraja: Manutika- Govindaraja is known for Manutika, a commentary on the Manusmriti, which is an ancient legal text among the many Dharmashastras of Hinduism.
• Vijnanesvara: Mitakshara- Vijnanesvara authored Mitakshara, a comprehensive legal commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti. It is considered one of the principal texts on Hindu law and is particularly influential in the northern and western parts of India.
• Devannabhatta: Smritichandrika- Devannabhatta is credited with Smritichandrika, which is a significant legal treatise on various aspects of Hindu law, including procedures, property rights, and family law Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

16. The method of Radiocarbon Dating was used in India for the first time at: (DEC 2013)

(1) Deccan College, Pune
(2) Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
(3) School of Archaeology, New Delhi
(4) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

Answer: 4

The method of Radiocarbon Dating was used in India for the first time at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. Radiocarbon dating is a crucial technique in archaeology and paleontology for dating organic materials. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in Mumbai was the pioneering institution in India to implement this method, contributing significantly to the study of Indian history and prehistory through more accurate dating of archaeological artifacts and remains.

17. Arrange the following archaeologists in chronological order and select the correct answer with the help of the codes given below: (DEC 2013)

Codes:
(1) B, A, D, C
(2) D, B, A, C
(3) C, D, B, A
(4) A, C, B, D

Answer: 1

The correct chronological order of the archaeologists is as follows:

• James Princep (1799-1840 CE) – An orientalist and antiquarian, known for deciphering the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts of ancient India. He was also the founding editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
• James Fergusson (1808-1886 CE) – A Scottish architectural historian who focused on Indian historical architecture. His influential work, The Rock-Cut Temples of India, was published in 1845.
• Alexander Cunningham (1814-1893 CE) – A British Army engineer and the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, which he founded in 1861. He made significant contributions to Indian archaeology.
• Edward Thomas (1813-1886 CE) – A civil servant and writer on Indian antiquities, known for works such as Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi and Jainism or the Early Faith of Asoka.

Option (1) is the correct answer.

18. Identify the Tamil anthology which is devoted to the praise of Chera Kings? (DEC 2013)

(1) Narrinai
(2) Padirruppattu
(3) Aingurunuru
(4) Kuruntogal

Answer: 2

The Tamil anthology devoted to the praise of Chera Kings is Padirruppattu. The Patirruppattu (literally “Ten Tens,” sometimes spelled Pathitrupathu) is a classical Tamil poetic work and one of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in Sangam literature. It is a panegyric collection that contains puram (war and public life) poems, with the Chera kings, known as the Cheramal, being the central figures of the work.

19. A drama named ‘Kauntaleshwar Dautya’ has been attributed to Kalidasa by: (DEC 2013)

(1) Kuntalesha
(2) Bharavi
(3) Rajasekhara
(4) Kshemendra

Answer: 4

Kshemendra was a Kashmiri poet and playwright known for his contributions to classical Sanskrit literature. He was in high demand as a skilled abridger of long texts. His literary career spanned from at least 1037 CE, with his earliest dated work Brihatkathāmanjari(a verse summary of the lost “Northwestern” Brhatkathā), to 1066 CE, with his latest dated work Daśavataracharita (an account of the ten incarnations of the god Vişnu). In addition to these works, Kshemendra is also attributed with the drama Kauntaleshwar Dautya. His contributions are notable for their narrative depth and poetic excellence in Sanskrit literature.

20. The Book of Marco Polo is primarily an account of: (DEC 2013)

(1) Political history of South India
(2) Economic history of South India
(3) Cultural history of South India
(4) None of the above

Answer: 2

Marco Polo (с. 1254 January 8, 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer who traveled extensively through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His adventures are documented in The Travels of Marco Polo, also known as Book of the Marvels of the World and II Milione (c. 1300). This seminal work provides a detailed account of the rich cultures and complex societies he encountered, offering Europeans their first comprehensive glimpse into the Mongol Empire, China under the Yuan dynasty, Persia, India, Japan, and other Asian regions.

21. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (JUNE 2014)

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(4) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I

Answer: 2

• Grid System of Excavation – REM Wheeler: Developed the grid system involving square trenches separated by vertical baulks for precise spatial recording of artifacts and features.
• Principle of Stratigraphy – Thomas Jefferson: Early contributor to stratigraphy, the study of layered sedimentary rocks, which is crucial for understanding the chronological sequence of archaeological deposits.
• Radiocarbon Method of Dating – FW Libby: Developed radiocarbon dating (carbon-14 dating) to determine the age of organic materials by measuring radiocarbon, revolutionizing artifact and fossil dating.
• Three-Dimensional Method of Recording – Pitt Rivers : Pioneered three-dimensional recording of artifacts during excavation using technologies like Structure from Motion (SFM) for accurate spatial documentation.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

22. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (JUNE 2014)

Codes:
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(2) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(4) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III

Answer: 1

• Surya Siddhanta: This ancient Sanskrit treatise on Indian astronomy, dated to the 4th to 5th century CE and composed of fourteen chapters, details the calculations for planetary motions, the diameters of planets, and the orbits of astronomical bodies. It is attributed to Aryabhatta.
• Pudgala: In Jainism, Pudgala (or Pudgalāstikāya) is one of the six Dravyas, or fundamental substances, that constitute reality. Pudgala refers to matter that continuously undergoes change through processes of supplementation or disintegration.
• Horashastra: This term relates to astrology, which was significantly influenced by the Greeks, particularly in the context of Hellenistic astrology.
• Arretine Ware: This type of bright-red, polished pottery, originally made in Arretium (modern Arezzo) in Tuscany from the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD, was traded extensively throughout the Roman Empire.

23. Which of the following texts describes the corrupt practices of the Kapalikas, Pasupatas and Buddhists? (JUNE 2014)

(1) Mahaviracharita
(2) Mattavilasa
(3) Mrichchhakatika
(4) Uttararamacharita

Answer: 2

Mattavilasa is a Sanskrit play written by the Pallava king Mahendra Varman I. It is known for its satirical portrayal of the corrupt practices and behavior of various sects, including the Kapalikas, Pasupatas, and Buddhists. The play humorously critiques the religious and social practices of these groups.

24. The Padirruppattu is a collection of poems in praise of which one of the following? (JUNE 2014)

(1) Chera
(2) Chola
(3) Kadamba
(4) Pandya

Answer: 1

The Patirruppattu is a classical Tamil poetic anthology, part of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in Sangam literature. It is a collection of panegyric poems focused on the Chera kings, also known as the Cheramal. The work primarily features puram poems, which highlight themes of war and public life.

25. Which one of the following is not correctly matched? (JUNE 2014)

26. Match List I (Text) with List II (Content) and select the correct answer with the help of the codes given below:(JUNE 2014)

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Answer: 3

The correct match of the given text and content is as follows:

Gaudavaho is an 8th-century Prakrit epic poem by Väkpatirāja. It celebrates the achievements of King Yashovarman of northern India, depicting him as an incarnation of Vishnu and highlighting his military feats, including the defeat of the Gauda king.

Nagananda (Joy of the Serpents), a famous Sanskrit play by Emperor Harsha (606-648 CE), tells the story of Jimútaváhana, a prince who sacrifices himself to save the Nagas.

The Purananuru is a classical Tamil work from the Sangam literature, consisting of 400 heroic poems about kings, wars, and public life. It is traditionally considered the last of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai).

The Agananuru is a classical Tamil poetic work from the seventh anthology of Sangam literature, Ettuthokai. It consists of 400 love lyrics.

Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

27. The Padirruppattu is a collection of poems in praise of (DEC 2014)

(1) Chera kings
(2) Pandya kings
(3) Chola kings
(4) Tondaiman kings

Answer: 1

The Patirruppattu is a classical Tamil poetic anthology, part of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in Sangam literature. It is a collection of panegyric poems focused on the Chera kings, also known as the Cheramal. The work primarily features puram poems, which highlight themes of war and public life.

28. Varahamihira, the fifth century astronomer, belonged to which part of the country? (DEC 2014)

(1) Western Malwa
(2) Northern Gujarat
(3) Southern Rajasthan
(4) South Magadha

Answer: 1

Varahamihira, the renowned fifth-century Indian astronomer and astrologer, belonged to Western Malwa. He was a scholar in the court of the Gupta Empire under King Vikramaditya 1. His notable works include the Panchasiddhantika, a compilation of the five astronomical treatises, and the Brihat Samhita, which covers a range of topics from astrology to architecture.

29. The original work of Megasthenes is lost and we learn about his observations from the quotations given by some later Greek writers, such as (DEC 2014)

(1) Arrian
(2) Diodoras
(3) Justin
(4) Plutarch
(5) Strabo

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(1) I and III
(2) I, II and IV
(3) III, IV and V
(4) All of these

Answer: 4

Megasthenes (c. 350-290 BCE) was a Greek historian, diplomat, and ethnographer who provided one of the earliest Western descriptions of India in his now-lost work Indica. Although Indica itself is not extant, its content has been partially reconstructed through quotations and references in later Greek authors. Notably, Arrian (2nd century CE) is among the few who speaks favorably of Megasthenes, while other writers like Diodorus, Justin, Plutarch, and Strabo also quoted his observations. Megasthenes’ accounts remain a crucial source for understanding ancient India’s interactions with the Hellenistic world.

30. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (DEC 2014)

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

Answer: 2

• Brihat Jataka: This renowned text on Vedic astrology, authored by Varāhamihira, is considered one of India’s foremost astrological works.
• Dasharupakam: Written by Dhananjaya in the 10th century, this treatise outlines the structure and rules for theatre and drama presentations, serving as a key work on dramaturgy.
• Līlāvati: Composed by the Indian mathematician Bhaskara II around 1150 AD, this treatise is a significant work on mathematics.
• Mānasāra: Also known as Manasa or Manasara Shilpa Shastra, this ancient Sanskrit text covers Indian architecture and design.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

31. Arrange the following Dharmasastra writers in chronological order beginning with the earliest: (DEC 2014)

(1) Chandesvara
(2) Hemadri
(3) Lakshmidhara
(4) Mitramisra

Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
(1) I, IV, III, II
(2) II, I, IV, III
(3) III, II, I, IV
(4) IV, III, II, I

Answer: 3

The correct chronological order of the Dharmasastra writers beginning from the earliest is as follows

• Viramitrodaya of Mitramisra: Written by Mitramisra, who lived around 1610-1640 CE, the Viramitrodaya is a comprehensive digest of Dharmashastras (codes of religion and ritual), offering detailed guidance on various aspects of Hindu law and social conduct.
• Bhatta Lakshmidhara: A Hindu law-giver from the 12th century CE, Bhatta Lakshmidhara is renowned for his work Krityakalpataru (The Wish-Yielding Palm Tree of Domestic Rites and Duties). This text serves as a significant source on domestic rituals and duties within Hindu dharmashastra.
• Hemadri Pandita: Also known as Hemädapanta, Hemadri was a polymath and served as a prime minister from 1259 to 1274 CE during the reigns of King Mahadev (1259-1271) and King Ramachandra (1271-1309) of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty. He is well-known for his work Chaturvarga Chintamani, which encompasses a vast array of knowledge on the four aims of Hindu life.
• Candeśvara Thakkura: Active during the 14th century, Candeśvara Thakkura was a Maithili-language political theorist and warrior. He held the positions of minister for peace and war, as well as chief judge in the court of Harisimhadeva, the last king of the Karnat dynasty of Mithila. He wrote Rajanitiratnākara, a treatise on organising the state. Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

32. Which one of the following is not correctly matched? (Authors – Texts) (DEC 2014)

(1) Sharangadeva : Samgita ratnakara
(2) Damodara : Samgita darpana
(3) Anonymous : Ghunyat-ul-Munya
(4) Banarasidas : Hitopadesha

Answer: 4

Banarasidas (1586-1643) was a prominent Shrimal Jain businessman and poet of Mughal India. He is renowned for his poetic autobiography, Ardhakathanaka (“The Half Story”), written in Braj Bhasa, a dialect of early Hindi associated with the Mathura region. This work holds the distinction of being the first autobiography composed in an Indian language.

On the other hand, the Hitopadesha is a well-known Sanskrit text comprising fables featuring both animal and human characters. It offers maxims, worldly wisdom, and advice on political matters, presented in a simple and elegant style. While the text as we have it today dates from the 12th century, it is believed to have been composed by Narayana between 800 and 950 CE. Initially, 19th-century Indologists attributed the Hitopadesha to Vishnu Sharma, a character who frequently appears in its fables.

33. The earliest epigraphical evidence of Indo-European language have been found at: (JUNE 2015)

(1) Bactria
(2) Iraq
(3) Iran
(4) Syria

Answer: 2

The earliest epigraphical evidence of Indo-European language has been found in Iraq. Epigraphy, the study of inscriptions engraved on materials like stone, metal, and wood, offers significant insights into ancient languages and civilizations.

34. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? (JUNE 2015)

(1) Panchasiddhantika : Varahamihira
(2) Brahma Sutra : Aryabhata
(3) Astangsangrah : Vagbhata
(4) Nighantu : Dhanvantari

Answer: 2

The Brahma Sutra, is traditionally attributed to Badarayana (also known as Vyasa), not Aryabhata. Aryabhata was an ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer known for his work “Aryabhatiya,”

35. Match List I with List II and select the answer from the codes given below: (JUNE 2015)

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(2) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(3) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(4) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

Answer: 3

The correct match of List / and List // is as follows

• Arrian Indica: Arrian, a Greek historian from the 2nd century CE, authored Indica. This work provides a detailed account of Alexander the Great’s expedition to india and the broader regions of his conquests.
• Herodotus Historica: Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian from the 5th century BCE, is known for his work Historica (often referred to as Histories). This seminal work is considered one of the earliest examples of historical writing and provides an account of historical events and cultures of his time.
• Pliny Naturalis Historia: Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and naturalist, wrote Naturalis Historia (Natural History). This comprehensive work covers a wide range of subjects including astronomy, geography, and the natural world, and is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman Empire.
• Strabo Geographica: Strabo, a Greek geographer and historian, authored Geographica (Geography). This extensive work offers a descriptive overview of the world known to Strabo, including detailed accounts of various peoples, places, and regions.

Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

36. Which of the following Tamil anthologies is devoted to the praise of Chera kings? (JUNE 2015)

(1) Aingurunuru
(2) Kuruntokai
(3) Padirruppattu
(4) Narrinai

Answer: 3

The Padirruppattu is a classical Tamil anthology and one of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in Sangam literature. This panegyric collection focuses on the Chera kings, also known as Cheramal, highlighting their achievements through poems categorized under puram (war and public life). The work’s invocatory poem is dedicated to Mayon, or Perumal (Vishnu).

Narrinai is another classical Tamil anthology, traditionally considered the first among the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in Sangam literature. It contains both akam (love) and puram (war, public life) poems. This collection features 400 poems, mostly ranging from 9 to 12 lines, with some varying between 8 and 13 lines.

Kuruntokai is the second anthology in the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai). It belongs to the akam (love) category, with each poem consisting of 4 to 8 lines, although a few poems have 9 lines. Originally compiled with 400 poems, the surviving manuscripts contain 402 poems. Aingurunuru (meaning “Five Hundred Short Poems”) is the third anthology in the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokal). This classical Tamil work features a collection of short poems, contributing to the rich tradition of Sangam literature

37. Which of the following works does not refer to the story of Ramagupta? (JUNE 2015)

(1) Harshacharita
(2) Mudrarakshasa
(3) Natyadarpana
(4) Majma-al-Tawarikh

Answer: 2

Mudrarakshasa is Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta that depicts the rise of Chandragupta Maurya (c. 324-c. 297 BCE) to power in India. Although the play includes elements of creative writing, it is not entirely fictional, it is dated to various periods, ranging from the late 4th century to the 8th century CE, and does not focus on the story of Ramagupta.

38. Which of the following states of South India was mentioned in Megasthenes’s Indica? (DEC 2015)

(1) Chera
(2) Pandya
(3) Satiyaputta
(4) Chola

Answer: 2

In Megasthenes’s Indica, the Pandya kingdom of South India is mentioned. Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, provided valuable Information about Indian geography, politics, and kingdoms in his work indica. The Pandya kingdom, located in present-day Tamil Nadu, was one of the prominent southern dynasties mentioned in his writings.

39. Who among the following authors is known for his satires exposing the evils of the contemporary society? (DEC 2015)

(1) Bhasa
(2) Bhavabhuti
(3) Kshemendra
(4) Sriharsha

Answer: 3

Kshemendra, a renowned 11th-century Kashmiri poet, was known for his satirical works exposing the social evils of his time. One of his famous satires is “Samaya Matrikā” (The Courtesan’s Keeper), where he humorously critiques the corrupt and decadent practices of contemporary society. His other notable works include “Narma Mala” and “Desopadesha,” which further highlight his keen observation and satirical wit

40. Arrange the following foreign authors in the correct chronological order: (DEC 2015)

(A) Ktesias
(B) Megasthenes
(C) Pliny
(D) Ptolemy

Codes:
(1) A, D, C, B
(2) A, B, C, D
(3) C, A, D, B
(4) B, D, A, C

Answer: 2

The correct chronological order of the foreign authors is as follows:

Ktesias (5th century BCE) was a Greek physician and historian who served in the court of the Persian king Artaxerxes II. He wrote about India in his works, providing some of the earliest accounts of the region from a Western perspective.

Megasthenes (ca. 350-290 BC) was a Greek ethnographer and explorer during the Hellenistic period, best known for his work Indica, which provides an account of ancient India. He was born in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) and served as an ambassador of Seleucus I of the Seleucid dynasty, likely at the court of Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra (modern-day Patna). While the exact date of his embassy is uncertain, scholars generally place it before 298 BC, the year of Chandragupta’s death. Arrian notes that Megasthenes lived in Arachosia with the satrap Sibyrtius before visiting India.

Gaius Plinius Secundus, better known as Pliny the Elder (AD 23/24-79), was a Roman author, naturalist, and philosopher. He served as a naval and army commander in the Roman Empire and was a friend of Emperor Vespasian. Pliny’s most notable work is the encyclopedic Naturalis Historia (Natural History), which became a foundational text in the study of natural sciences.

Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 c. 170 AD) was an Alexandrian contributions scholar in who made significant multiple fields, including mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, and music theory. His geocentric model of the universe and his work Geographia left a lasting impact on medieval and Renaissance science.

41. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (DEC 2015)

Codes:
(1) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(2) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(3) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Answer: 2

The correct match of List I and II is as follows:

• Kural – Thiruvalluvar: The Tirukkural (often referred to simply as Kural) is one of the most revered works of Tamil literature. It was written by Thiruvalluvar, a philosopher and poet. The work consists of 1,330 couplets (kurals), offering insights into ethics, politics, love, and social responsibilities. It is divided into three sections: Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth), and Inbam (Love), and is still widely read and respected today.
• Thirumurai – Nambi Andar Nambi: The Thirumurai is a sacred compilation of Tamil hymns written in praise of Lord Shiva by various Shaivite saints, known as Nayanars. Nambi Andar Nambi was instrumental in collecting and compiling these hymns in the 11th century CE, under the patronage of the Chola king Rajaraja Chola 1. The Thirumurai contains twelve volumes of hymns and forms the basis of Tamil Shaivism.
• Silappatikaram – Ilango Adigal: The Silappatikaram (The Tale of an Anklet) is one of the great Tamil epics. It was written by Ilango Adigal, believed to be a Jain monk and the younger brother of a Chera king. The story revolves around Kannagi, a devoted wife, and her quest for justice after her husband, Kovalan, is wrongfully executed. The Silappatikaram is renowned for its portrayal of the cultural life of the Tamil people during that era, including festivals, city life, and justice systems.
• Manimekalai – Sattanar: Manimekalal is another Important epic of Tamil literature, written by Sattanar. It is a sequel to the Silappatikaram and focuses on Manimekalal, the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi. Manimekalai becomes a Buddhist nun, and the epic explores themes of Buddhism, renunciation, and compassion. It is also notable for its discussions of Buddhist philosophy and the social context of the time.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

42. Dramatist Bhavabhuti is given the credit of writing which of the following works? (DEC 2015)

(A) Mahaviracharita
(B) Malatimadhava
(C) Ramacharita
(D) Uttararamacharita

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(1) Only B
(2) B and C
(3) A, B and D
(4) A, B and C

Answer: 3

Mahaviracharita: This play is based on the early life of Lord Rama, depicting his heroic deeds (hence the title, meaning “The Deeds of the Great Hero”). It showcases Rama’s journey from his youth to his eventual victory over Ravana.

Malatimadhava: This play is a love story involving the characters Malati and Madhava. It’s a romance drama that also explores themes of duty and sacrifice. The story is set in a complex socio-political and cultural backdrop.

Uttararamacharita: This play deals with the later part of Lord Rama’s life, specifically his life after his return to Ayodhya and the tragic separation from Sita. It continues the Ramayana’s story from where Valmiki’s epic leaves off, focusing on Rama’s emotional struggles and inner conflict.

The Ramacharitam, written by Bengali poet Sandhyakar Nandi during the Pala Empire (c. 1084-1155 CE), is a Sanskrit epic that uniquely combines the stories of the Ramayana and Pala King Ramapala. It is renowned for its account of the Varendra Rebellion, a key event in medieval Bengal’s history that contributed to the decline of the Pala Empire. The work blends mythological and historical narratives, making it both a literary and historical treasure.

43. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (DEC 2015)

Codes:
(1) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(2) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(3) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(4) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Answer: 4

The correct match of List I and List II is as follows.

Vachaspati Misra was the author of Vivadachintamani, a succinct commentary on Hindu law as practiced in Mithila. Raghunandana authored the Smrititattva, a collection of 28 digests on civil law and rituals, collectively known as the Astavimsati-tattva. English scholars compared his work to the Comyns Digest and referred to him as the “Comyns of India. Kamalakara Bhatta, who lived in Varanasi and was the uncle of Gagabhatta, wrote the Nirnayasindhu, a Sanskrit work that includes descriptions of ritualistic worship of Durga. Mitra Mishra was the author of Viramitrodaya, a comprehensive Hindu law digest covering nearly every aspect of Dharmasastra and Vyavahara. This work was completed under the patronage of Virasimha, the king of Orchha, between 1605 and 1627. Hence, option (4) is the correct answer.

44. Which of the following works was the first to suggest payment of cash to officers as salary? (JULY 2016)

(1) Kamandaka Nitisara
(2) Arthasastra
(3) Manu Smriti
(4) Nitivakyamrita

Answer: 2

Arthasastra, written by Kautilya (Chanakya), is an ancient Indian treatise written in Sanskrit on statecraft, politics, and military strategy. It was one of the earliest works to suggest the payment of cash as salary to officers and administrators. This idea was revolutionary for its time and laid the foundation for structured administration and governance in ancient India.

45. Which of the following works relates to Tamil grammar? (JULY 2016)

(1) Akananuru
(2) Kural
(3) Tolkappiyam
(4) Padirruppattu

Answer: 3

Tolkappiyam is an ancient work on Tamil grammar and is considered the oldest extant long work of Tamil literature. It is the foundational text for Tamil grammar and. linguistics, covering a wide range of topics such as phonology, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, prosody, and poetics. The Tolkappiyam is divided into three parts, each containing nine sections.In addition to grammar, the Tolkappiyam also addresses rules for poetry and literary forms, showcasing the richness of Tamil literary traditions.

46. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (JULY 2016)

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(4) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Answer: 2

The correct match of the Author and the respective title of their book is as follows:

Bilhana wrote the Vikramankadevacharita, which is a eulogy of King Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukya dynasty.

Bana is the author of Harshacharita, the biography of King Harsha.

Somesvara III authored the Abhilashitartha Chintamani (also known as Manasollasa), an encyclopedic work covering a wide range of topics like polity, governance, ethics economics, astronomy, astrology, painting, music, poetry.

Vijnanesvara is known for writing the Mitakshara, a legal commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti, which became an important text for Hindu law.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

47. Arrange the following classical authors in chronological order: (JULY 2016)

(1) Arrian
(2) Pliny
(3) Ptolemy
(4) Strabo

Codes:
(1) I, II, III, IV
(2) I, IV, II, III
(3) II, III, IV, I
(4) I, IV, III, II

Answer: 2

The correc hronological deder of the Grace-Roman classice Arrian: Arian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus) lived in the authors is as follows:

2nd century CE around 86-160 CE. He is known for Ny Motorical work Anabasis of Alexander, whles details the campaigns of Alexander the Great Strabo Strabo was a Greek geographer and histone who lived from 64 BCE to 24 CE. His most famous work in Geographico, which provides detalles descriptions of various regions of the ancient world Gaius Plus Secundus, better known as Pliny the Elder (AD 23/24-79), was a Roman author, naturally, and philosopher. He served as a naval and army commander in the Roman Empire and was a friend of Emperor Vespasian, Pliny’s most notable work is the encyclopedic Naturalis Historia (Natural History which became a foundational text in the study of natural sciences.

Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 с. 170 AD) was an Alexandrian scholar who made significant contributions in multiple fields, including mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, and music theory. His geocentric model of the universa and his work Geographia left a lasting impact on medieval and Renaissance science.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

48. Arrange the following authors of inscriptions in chronological order: (JULY 2016)

(1) Harisena
(2) Ravikirti
(3) Vatsabhatti
(4) Virasena

Codes:
(1) IV, I, II, III
(2) I, IV, III, II
(3) I, II, III, IV
(4) I, III, IV, II

Answer: 2

The correct chronological order of the authors of the inscriptions is as follows:

• Harisena (4th century CE): He was a notable Sanskrit poet and panegyrist in the court of the Gupta Emperor Samudragupta. His most famous work is a Prasasti (eulogy) inscribed on a pillar in Allahabad, written around 345 CE, praising the bravery and achievements of Samudragupta.
• Virasena (c. 380-415 CE): He served as the chie minister to Chandragupta II, another Gupta emperor. He authored an inscription in the Udaygiri caves which details the excavation of a cave temple dedicated to Shiva
• Vatsabhatti (5th century CE): A Sanskrit poet associated with the silk weavers guild, he contributed to the literary tradition of his time, with his work reflecting the styles and themes prevalent it Kavya poetry.
• Ravikirti 17th century CE): He was a minister and poel in the court of Pulakesin II of the Badami Chalukyan (610-642 CE), His work includes the Alhale Inscription, which is renowned for its exquisite Sanskrit poetry.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

49. Consider the following statements.

Assertion (A): The 12th century unique work Kumarapalacharita by Hemachandra is a long poem which tells the story of Chalukya Kings of Gujarat.

Reason (R): It illustrates the rules of Sanskrit and Prakrit Grammar also.

In the context of the above statements, which of the following is correct?
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(3) A is true, but R is false
(4) A is false, but R is true
(JULY-2016)

Answer: 1

The Kumarapalacharita, written by Hemachandra in the 12th century, is a historically significant epic poem. It recounts the story of the Chalukya kings of Gujarat, with a particular emphasis on King Kumarapala, Hemachandra’s chief patron. Hemachandra, a devoted Jain, wrote this work to promote the values of Jainism, while also documenting the achievements of Kumarapala.

The unique aspect of this epic is that it not only tells a historical narrative but also integrates rules of Sanskrit and Prakrit grammar. Hemachandra skillfully embedded grammatical concepts within the story, using examples to explain these rules. This is particularly evident in the eighth part of the poem, where Prince Kumarapala’s excellence and exploits are highlighted, along with illustrations of Prakrit grammar.

Additionally, the text contains the Dvayashraya Mahakavya, which offers illustrations of various grammatical terms in both Sanskrit and Prakrit languages. Thus, the reason (R) correctly explains the assertion (A), making option 1 the right choice.

50. ‘As the wind destroys the trees and locusts the Shali crop, so did the Yavanas destroy the usages of Kashmira the Kingdom of Kashmir was polluted by the evil practices of the Mlecchas.’

The above statement about Kashmir was made by which of the following chroniclers of Kashmir?
(1) Kalhana
(2) Jonaraja
(3) Srivara
(4) Bhattavatara
(JULY-2016)

Answer: 2 

The statement regarding the destruction caused by the Yavanas (foreign invaders) and the Mlecchas (non-Hindus or foreigners) in Kashmir was made by Jonaraja, a historian and chronicler of Kashmir. Jonaraja continued the work started by Kalhana in his Rajatarangini and provided a detailed account of the political and social upheavals in Kashmir during the period of foreign invasions.

Jonaraja’s chronicle, known as the Dvitīyā Rājatarangini (Second Rajatarangini), continues Kalhana’s historical narrative and extends it to cover the history of Kashmir up to the reign of Zain-ul-Abidin in the 14th century. His work is an important source for understanding the history and rulers of Kashmir during this tumultuous period.

After Jonaraja’s death in 1459, Shrivara Pandita continued the historical chronicle with the Tritiya Rajatarangini (Third Rajatarangini), also known as the Jaina-Rajatarangini. Shrivara’s work documents the history of Kashmir from 1459 to 1486 CE, covering the reigns of rulers like Hassan Shah and Muhammad Shah. Shrivara maintained the continuity of historical documentation in Kashmir by continuing Jonaraja’s work.

51. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Bengal Sultan Ruknuddin Barbak Shah I was a great patron of Bengali literature.

Reason (R): Barbak Shah I conferred the title of Gunaraj Khan to Maladhar Basu in acknowledgement of his great achievements in the field of Bengali literature.

In the context of the above statements, which of the following is correct?
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(3) A is true, but R is false
(4) A is false, but R is true
(JULY-2016)

Answer: 1

Assertion (A): Ruknuddin Barbak Shah I (reigned 1459-1474), the son and successor of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, was a great patron of Bengali literature. During his reign, he encouraged the development of the Bengali language and its cultural expressions.

Reason (R): Barbak Shah I conferred the title of Gunaraj Khan to Maladhar Basu, a 15th-century Bengali poet, in recognition of his achievements in the field of Bengali literature. Maladhar Basu wrote Sri Krishna Vijay, which is the earliest Bengali narrative poem and a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of the Bhagavata Purana. This recognition by Barbak Shah I shows his support for Bengali literary works.

Since Ruknuddin Barbak Shah I’s patronage of Bengali literature is demonstrated by his honoring of Maladhar Basu with the title of Gunaraj Khan, both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

52. Which of the following statements are made in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?

Select your answer from the codes given below:

I. Colchi, Camara and Poduca were South Indian ports.
II. Ivory was produced in Dosarene.
III. Large ships called Colandia sailed to the Ganges and Chryse.
IV. Masalia lay to the south of Muziris.

Codes:
(1) I, II and III
(2) III and IV
(3) II, III and IV
(4) I, II and IV
(JAN-2017)

Answer: 1

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions that Colchi, Camara, and Poduca were South Indian ports, ivory was produced in Dosarene, and large ships. called Colandia sailed to the Ganges and Chryse. However, the statement that Masalia lay to the south of Muziris is incorrect.

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

53. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below.

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(JAN-2017)

Answer: 3

The correct match of List I and List II is as follows

Dandin Dasakumara Charita: Dandin was a renowned Sanskrit prose writer and poet, best known for his work Dasakumara Charita. This is a collection of ten adventure-filled stories about princes and their journeys, often with themes of love, valor, and intelligence.

Bhasa Pratima Nataka: Bhasa was an ancient playwright, and one of his well-known works is Pratima Nataka. It is a Sanskrit drama based on episodes from the Ramayana, focusing on the life of Rama, particularly scenes involving his exile and return.

Hemadri Chaturvarga Chintamani: Hemadri was a medieval scholar and minister in the Yadava dynasty. His work Chaturvarga Chintamani is a comprehensive treatise on dharma, covering various aspects of religious and social duties, including rituals and legal norms.

Bhavabhuti-Uttararama Charita: Bhavabhuti was a classical Sanskrit dramatist, and Uttararama Charita is one of his most famous works. This play deals with the later life of Lord Rama after his return to Ayodhya, focusing on his struggles with personal and royal duties.

Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

54. Who gave the following understanding in his work Arguments for Madanu’sh-Shifa-l Sikandarshahi?

‘First, that the Greek medicine did not suit the climate of India and secondly, that the medicinal plants mentioned in that system were either unidentifiable or unobtainable in India.’

(1) Ali Muhammad Khan
(2) Milhana
(3) Mir Masum
(4) Miyan Bhuwah
(JAN-2017)

Answer: 4

In Madanu’sh-Shifa-1 Sikandarshahi, Miyan Bhuwah emphasized that Greek medicine was unsuitable for India’s climate and that many of its medicinal plants were either unidentifiable or unobtainable in the Indian context. This work, also known as Tibb-i Sikandari, was compiled in 918 AH (1512 CE) and dedicated to Sultan Sikandar Lodi. It serves as a comprehensive manual covering various medical topics and references important Sanskrit sources like the works of Caraka, Suśruta, and others, demonstrating an effort to integrate local medical knowledge with established traditions. The text enjoyed significant circulation among Indo-Muslim physicians and was later translated into Urdu.

55. Which one of the following works was commissioned by Aurangzeb to compile authoritative passages from the standard works of Hanafi fiqh for the guidance of the qazis?

(1) Siyasat Nama
(2) Nasihat-ul-Muluk
(3) Ahkam i Alamgiri
(4) Fatawa-al-Alamgiri
(JAN-2017)

Answer: 4

Fatawa-al-Alamgiri, also known as Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya or Al-Fatawa al-‘Alamgiriyya, is a significant 17th-century compilation of Islamic jurisprudence commissioned by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. It was designed to compile authoritative passages from standard works of Hanafi figh to guide the qazis (Islamic judges) in their legal rulings.

This comprehensive legal text covers various aspects of governance, including statecraft, ethics, military strategy, economic policy, and justice and punishment. Its aim was to establish a uniform application of Islamic law throughout the Mughal Empire, reflecting Aurangzeb’s commitment to ensuring adherence to Islamic principles in both governance and daily life. The Fatawa-al-Alamgiri served as a principal regulatory body of law during Aurangzeb’s reign, significantly influencing the legal landscape of the empire.

56. Match List I with List II and select your answer from the codes given below.

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-II
(4) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(JAN-2017)

Answer: 4

The correct match of List I and List it is as follows

Ballalasena – He is associated with Bhojaprabandha, a notable work of Sanskrit folk literature featuring engaging tales from the royal court of Maharaja Dhareshwar Bhal. This text reflects the literary culture of the period and is attributed to Ballalaseña Jagannath Pandita Known for Rasagangadhara, an authoritative text on literary theory from the 17th century. This work significantly contributed to the understanding of aesthetics and writing poetic forms.

Krishnadasa – He authored Parasiprakasha, a bilingual dictionary compiled in the late 16th century, which provides Persian and Arabic terms used in Indian astronomy and astrology, highlighting the cross-cultural exchanges of the time.

Shuka – He wrote Rajavalipataka which was a continuation of rajavalipataka started by prajna bhatta a historical account of Kashmir, detailing events from the reign of Zayn al-Abidin up to the Mughal annexation in 1586. This text serves as an important source for understanding Kashmir’s history during that era.

Hence, option (4) is the correct answer.

57. The Indica of Megasthenes is lost, but it survives in fragments in the writings of which Greco-Roman authors?

1. Ktesias

2. Pliny the Elder

3. Diodorus Siculus

4. Strabo

Codes:
(1) I and II
(2) I, II and III
(3) II, III and IV
(4) I and IV
(NOV-2017)

Answer: 3

The Indica of Megasthenes is lost, but fragments of It survive in the works of several Greco-Roman authors. These include:

• Pliny the Elder: He refers to Megasthenes’ accounts in his Natural History.
• Diodorus Siculus: He provides information from Megasthenes in his Bibliotheca historica.
• Strabo: He cites Megasthenes in his Geographica. Thus, Pliny the Elder, Diodorus Siculus, and Strabo are the correct sources where fragments of Megasthenes’ Indica survive.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

58. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

59. Which of the following works gives a glimpse of an ancient Indian court?

(1) Malavikagnimitra
(2) Mrichchhakatika
(3) Mudrarakshasa
(4) Ratnavali
(DEC-2018)

Answer: 2

Mrichchhakatika, a play written by Sudraka, provides a glimpse of an ancient Indian court. Set in the ancient city of Ujjayini during the reign of King Palaka, the play follows the love story of a young Brahmin named Carudatta and a wealthy courtesan named Vasantasena.

Other notable works include:

Malavikagnimitram, authored by Kalidasa, tells the love story of Agnimitra, the Shunga Emperor.

Mudrarakshasa, written by Vishakhadatta, narrates the rise of Chandragupta Maurya

Ratnavali, a Sanskrit drama by King Harsha, focuses on the story of the beautiful princess Ratnavali and the great king Udayana.

60. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below.

Codes:
(1) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(3) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(4) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
(DEC-2018)

Answer: 1

• Hemachandra – Kumarapala: Hemachandra was a noted scholar and poet who flourished under the patronage of Kumarapala of the Chaulukya dynasty.
• Jayadeva – Lakshamanasena: Jayadeva is best known for his work Gita Govinda, which was patronized by Lakshamanasena.
• Kshemendra – Ananta: Kshemendra was a poet and scholar associated with King Ananta of the Kashmir region.
• Rajasekhara – Mahendrapala: Rajasekhara was a poet who received patronage from Mahendrapala, a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

61. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

62. Who among the following poets called himself Kalikala-Valmiki?

(1) Bhavabhuti
(2) Kalidasa
(3) Rajasekhara
(4) Sandhyaranandi
(DEC-2018)

Answer: 4

Sandhyakaranandi referred to himself as Kalikala-Valmiki. He was a notable poet during the Pala Period and is best known for his epic poem Ramacharitam, which is based on the ancient Indian epic Ramayana

63. Paramartha stayed in China over twenty years and translated 70 Buddhist texts into Chinese there. He was from

(1) Kanchi
(2) Nalanda
(3) Varanasi
(4) Ujjain
(JULY-2018)

Answer: 4

Paramärtha (499-569 CE) was an Indian monk from Ujjain. He spent over twenty years in China, where he translated approximately 70 Buddhist texts into Chinese. Some of his influential translations include Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakaša, Mahayanasamgraha, and Asanga’s Dignaga’s Alambanapariksä and Hastavalaprakarana. His contributions significantly impacted the dissemination of Buddhist thought in China.

64. Which of the following is wrongly matched?

65. Arrange the following in the chronological order in which they were written:

I. Mitakshara
II. Manasollasa
III. Vikramarjunavijaya
IV. Chaturvargachintamani

Codes:
(1) I, II, IV, III
(2) II, I, III, IV
(3) III, I, II, IV
(4) IV, III, I, II
(JULY-2018)

Answer: 3

Vikramarjunavijaya (also known as Pompa Bharato) -This work was written by the Kannada poet Adikavi Pampa around 940 CE. It is an epic poem that narrates the story of Arjuna from the Mahabharata, set within the framework of the reign of the Western Chalukya ruler, Arikesari.

Mitakshara This is a legal treatise written by Vijnaneshwara in the 11th century CE. It is a commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti and is one of the most important texts on Hindu law, particularly. on the law of inheritance.

Manasollasa- This encyclopedic text was composed by the Western Chalukya king Someshvara III in the early 12th century CE (around 1129 CE). It covers a wide range of topics, including governance, politics, arts, and rituals, offering a comprehensive view of courtly life in medieval India.

Chaturvargachintamani- was composed by Hemadri between 1260 and 1271 CE, making it one of the later works in the sequence. This extensive text focuses on religious and ritualistic duties, specifically detailing the duties of individuals across the four stages of life, with an emphasis on dharma.

Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

66. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below.

Codes:
(1) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(2) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(DEC-2019)

Answer: 4

The correct matches for the Jain texts and their writers are as follows:

Kuvalayamala Udyotanasuri: Kuvalayamala is a Jain text written by Udyotanasuri. It is an important work of Jain literature composed in the 8th century CE, written in Prakrit. The text provides insight into the socio-cultural life of that period, especially among the Jain community.

Samaraichchhakaha Haribhadra: Samaraichchhakaha is a Jain narrative poem written by Haribhadra in the 8th century CE. Haribhadra was a prominent Jain scholar known for his works in philosophy, poetics, and narrative literature.

Tilakamanjari Dhanapala: Tilakomonjari was written by Dhanapala, a noted Jain poet and scholar who served at the court of King Bhoja. He composed this work in the 10th century CE, which reflects the literary culture and philosophical leanings of the period.

Yasastilaka Champu – Somadeva: Yasastilaka-Chompu was composed by Somadeva in the 10th century CE. It is a complex literary work in prose and verse, dealing with religious, ethical, and political themes. Somadeva was an important Jain author who contributed significantly to Jain literature.

Hence, option (4) is the correct answer.

67. Match List I (Text) with List II (Subject Matter).

Select the correct option:
(1) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(2) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(3) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(4) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(DEC-2019)

Answer: 2

The correct match of the given text and subject matter is as follows:

Bhuvanakosa Geography: Bhuvanakosa deals with geographical knowledge written by Varahamihira

Brihajjataka Astrology: Brihajjataka is a text on astrology written by Varahamihira

Dasarupaka Dramaturgy: Dasarupaka is a treatise on dramaturgy, focusing on the art of drama written by Dhananjaya

Manasara -Architecture: Manasara is a work on architecture and related subjects.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

68. Megasthenes original record about India is lost. Some of his memories are preserved in the accounts of which of the following?

(1) Arrian
(2) Diodorus
(3) Heliodoras
(4) Herodorus

Choose the correct option:
(1) I, II and IV
(2) II, III and IV
(3) I and IV
(4) I and II
(JUNE-2019)

Answer: 4

The earliest works that preserve parts of Megasthenes’ Indica are those by Diodorus, Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian. Although Megasthenes’ original record is lost, these authors referenced his observations, helping to preserve his accounts of India for future generations.

Hence, option (4) is the correct answer.

69. Match List I with List II.

Choose the correct option:
(1) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(2) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(3) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(4) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(JUNE-2019)

Answer: 4

The correct match of the given lists is as follows:

Irfan Habib

Irfan Habib (born 1931) is a prominent Indian historian specializing in ancient and medieval India, known for his Marxist historiographical approach. He has been a vocal critic of Hindutva ideologies and Muslim communalism. One of his significant works is the article “Imagining River Saraswati – A Defence of Common Sense.” In addition to this, Habib has authored several influential books, including “Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556-1707.”

B.B. Lal

Braj Basi Lal (born May 2, 1921) is a distinguished Indian archaeologist who served as the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1968 to 1972. He also held the position of Director at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies in Shimla and has contributed to various UNESCO committees. Lal is recognized for his article “Perhaps the Earliest Ploughed Field So Far Excavated Anywhere in the World and he received the prestigious Padma Bhushan Award from the President of Iniha in 2000

R.H. Meadow

Dr. R.H. Meadow specializes in zooarchaeology. focusing on the study of animal remains from archaeological sites He authored Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals in the Greater Indus Valley. His research interests span the domestication and use of animals In pre- and protohistoric periods across the Middle East South Asia and Southeast Asia, with a particular emphasis on the development of the Indus Civilization and the provisioning of ancient urban settlements. 

Marcia A. Fentress

Marcia A. Fentress is an expert in the exchange and communication systems that interconnected various regions of the Indus Civilization (c. 2600 to 1900 BCH Her work highlights how these networks began in the early Neolithic period, connecting sites to multiple source areas over distances ranging from 120 km to more than 700 km. She conducted a detailed study titled “Regional Interaction in Indus Valley Urbanization,” exploring the complexities of trade and cultural exchange within the civilization.

Hence, option (4) is the correct answer.

70. The radiocarbon dating is applied in which of the following?

(1) Epigraphy
(2) Archaeology
(3) Manuscripts
(4) Archival materials
(JUNE-2019)

Answer: 2

Radiocarbon dating is a scientific method used primarily in archaeology to determine the age of organic materials by measuring the decay of carbon-14 isotopes. This technique is particularly useful for dating artifacts, bones, and other biological materials that are up to about 50,000 years old. While it can provide context and chronological data for archaeological findings, it is not typically applied in epigraphy, manuscripts, or archival materials, which rely on different methods for dating and analysis.

71. Match List I with List II.

Codes:
(1) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(4) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(JUNE-2019)

Answer: 2

The correct match of the given lists is as follows:

Kavyadarsa – Dandin Kavyadarsa is a treatise on poetics written by Dandin, an important figure in Sanskrit literature. In this work, Dandin discusses various aspects of poetry and aesthetics, providing Insights into literary composition and criticism.

Ashtadhyayi – Panini The Ashtadhyayi is a foundational text on Sanskrit grammar composed by Panini, a highly regarded ancient grammarian. This text is known for its systematic approach to grammar and linguistic analysis and is essential for the study of the Sanskrit language.

Mahabhasya – Patanjali Mahabhasya, written by Patanjali, is a commentary on Panini’s Ashtadhyayi. In this work, Patanjali elaborates on Panini’s grammatical rules, offering explanations and examples. The Mahabhasya plays a critical role in the understanding of Sanskrit grammar and is significant in the study of linguistics.

Tantraloka – Abhinavagupta Tantraloka is a comprehensive work on Tantric philosophy and practice by Abhinavagupta, a prominent philosopher and theologian in the Shaiva tradition. The text discusses various aspects of Tantra, including rituals, meditation, and the philosophical underpinnings of Tantric practices.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

72. About Rajasekhara, which of the following statements is correct?

(1) He was the most powerful ruler (985-1014 CE) of the Chola dynasty.
(2) He was a court poet (c. 9th-10th century CE) of the Pratihara rulers Mahendrapala and Mahipala.
(3) He was the first known ruler of the Satavahanas (c. 230 BCE) mentioned in the Puranas.
(4) He is known to have composed Siripanarruppatal, one of the ten idylls of the Sangram anthology.

Answer: 2

Rajashekhara (10th century) was a notable poet, dramatist, and critic in Maharashtri Prakrit and Sanskrit. He served as the court poet for the Pratihara rulers of Kannauj. Among his significant contributions is the Kavyamimämsä, written between 880 and 920 CE, which serves as a practical guide for poets, outlining the essential elements and techniques for composing quality poetry.

Rajashekhara is best known for his play Kärpüramañjarī, written in Maharashtri Prakrit, which he crafted to impress his wife, Avantisundarī, who was renowned for her taste and accomplishments. Notably, he is one of the few ancient Indian poets to publicly acknowledge his wife’s influence and support in his literary endeavors. Other works attributed to Rajashekhara include:

Viddhaśālabhañjikä

Balabhārata

Karpüramañjarī

Balaramayana

Kāvyamimämsä

Hence, statement (2) is the correct answer.

73. Which of the following is wrongly matched?

(1) RS Sharma: Urban Decay in India
(2) Joanna Williams: The Art of Gupta India: Empire and Provinces
(3) AL Basham: The Wonder that was India
(4) Romila Thapar: Myth and Reality, Studies in the Formation of Indian Culture
(JUNE 2019)

Answer: 4

This is incorrectly attributed to Thapar; the book was actually written by the late Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi. Romila Thapar’s notable works include Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History (editor), A History of Indio Volume One, and Early India. From the Origins to AD 1300,

74. Read the following statements and select the answer from the options given below:

“Sociologists have reported how castes could also change their status along with their occupations under form of Sanskritisation.”
Who propounded the theory of Sanskritisation?
(1) Karl Marx
(2) M.N. Srinivas
(3) Romila Thapar
(4) Max Weber
(JUNE 2019)

Answer: 2

M.N. Srinivas, an Indian sociologist, propounded the theory of Sanskritisation. He introduced this concept to describe the process by which lower castes could elevate their social status by adopting the customs, rituals, and lifestyle of higher castes, especially those of the Brahmins.

75. What is the meaning of Burunjis?

(1) The name of a hill tribe in Nepal
(2) The name of a recently discovered Neolithic site in Kashmir
(3) Genealogical records from Assam
(4) Mother goddesses worshipped in Orissa
(OCT 2020)

Answer: 3

Burunjis are historical chronicles or genealogical records from Assam, specifically associated with the Ahom kingdom. These texts were initially written in the Ahom language and later in Assamese. They document the history, culture, and lineage of the Ahom kings and nobility, providing valuable insights. into the political and social structure of medieval Assam.

76. Which of the following are the famous commentators on the Manusmriti?

(1) Apararka
(2) Kulluka
(3) Medhatithi
(4) Vijnanesvara
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) I and II
(2) III and IV
(3) II and III
(4) I and III
(OCT 2020)

Answer: 3

Kulluka and Medhatithi are famous commentators on the Manusmriti. Their works are among the most well-known and influential interpretations of this ancient legal text.

Kulluka: His commentary, Kulluka Bhatta, is one of

the most prominent explanations of the Manusmriti. Medhatithi: His commentary is also highly regarded and is one of the earliest interpretations of the Manusmriti.

While Apararka and Vijnanesvara are known for their contributions to legal and philosophical works, they are not primarily associated with the Manusmriti.

77. Which of the following statements about Alberuni and his account of India are correct?

I. He was exiled and ordered to spend ten years in India.
II. According to him, people of untouchable castes could live only outside the villages and towns of the four castes.
III. He supported the views of Brahamagupta about the true nature of eclipses.
IV. According to him, the Hindus think that there is no country like theirs and no religion like theirs.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) II, III and IV
(2) I, II and IV
(3) III and IV
(4) II and IV
(OCT 2020)

Answer: 2

Alberuni, an Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age, came to India during the reign of Sultan Muhammad of Ghazni (971-1030). He was forced into exile and spent some time in Rayy, near Tehran. Alberuni observed that people of untouchable castes were believed to live only outside the villages and towns of the four varnas. He also noted that Hindus held the belief that there was no country, nation, kings, religion, or science as great as theirs, reflecting the cultural pride prevalent during that time.

78. Arrange the following in a chronological order, starting from the earliest.

(I) The Peripuls of the Erythraean Sea
(II) Si-yu-ki
(III) Manimekalai
(IV) Suttanipata
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) IV, I, II, II
(2) III, IV, II, I
(3) I, III, II, IV
(4) II, IV, III, I
(OCT 2020)

Answer: 1

The correct chronological order is as follows:

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Written by William H. Schoff, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Latin Periplus Moris Erythraei) is a text composed in Koine Greek it describes navigation and trading routes from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice, along the Red Sea, and beyond, Including the coasts of Africa, Sindh, and India. The work is believed to have been written between 40-80 AD, with a mid-first-century date being the most widely accepted. Si-Yu-Ki Si-Yu-Ki, meaning “Records of the Western Regions, was written by the Chinese pilgrim, monk, and scholar Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang). He spent 17 years in India in search of Buddhist texts, visiting key sites, including Kanauj during the reign of Harshavardhana. His travels took place between AD 627-643, and his writings provide valuable insight Into Indian culture, religion, and politics during that period.

Manimekalai Manimekalai, written by Seethalal Saathanar (Chithalai Chathanar), is one of the great epics of Tamil literature, composed between the 2nd and 6th centuries CE. The story follows the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi, who becomes a Buddhist nun. The epic compares Buddhism with other religions present in South India during the time, and it serves as a significant work in the spread of Buddhist ideas in the region.

Suttanipata: The Suttanipata is one of the earliest texts in the Pali canon and forms part of the Khuddaka Nikaya in the Sutta Pitaka. Written largely in verse, it includes narratives, dialogues, short lyrics, proverbs, and ballads. The text is primarily concerned with the moral and ethical guidance of early Buddhism, focusing on the realization of the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path. It emphasizes the simple ethical life of a hermit, rather than the established monastic order, and is widely quoted in later Buddhist literature.

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

79. Which of the following texts were authored by the Kashmiri poet Kshemendra?

(I) Kuttanimata
(II) Kalavilasa
(III) Prabodhachandrodaya
(IV) Samayamatrika
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) I and II
(2) II and IV
(3) I, II and III
(4) II, III and IV
(NOV 2021)

Answer: 2

Kuttanimata was authored by Damodaragupta, a prominent figure who held a high position under the Karkota-Naga dynasty. Kalavilasa and Samayamatrika, however, were written by the Kashmiri poet Kshemendra, an 11th-century literary figure. Kshemendra was initially a Shaiva but later embraced Vaishnavism, and his works reflect his deep understanding of both Vaishnavism and Buddhism. On the other hand, Prabodha Chandrodaya (The Rise of the Moon of Knowledge) is a Sanskrit drama written by Krishna Mishra. This play, composed around the end of the 11th century, stands out as one of the remarkable works in Indian literature.

80. Match List I with List II.

Options:
(1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(2) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(NOV 2021)

Answer: 2

The Correct Match of given lists is as follow:

Bhatta Lakshmidhara: He was a prominent Hindu law-giver of the 12th century CE and served as the Sandhi-Vigrahika-Amatya (Minister of War and Peace) under King Govinda Chandra of Varanasi, who ascended the throne in 1115 CE. Bhatta Lakshmidhara is best known for authoring the Hindu Dharmashastra called Kritya Kalpataru (The Wish. Yielding Palm Tree of Domestic Rites and Duties).

Devannabhatta: Flourishing around the end of the 12th century, Devannabhatta authored the Smriti-Chandrika, a significant work intended supplement the Mitakshara, to an authoritative commentary on Hindu law. His work gained great importance, particularly in South India.

Hemadri: Hemadri was a versatile figure who served as the prime minister under both King Mahadev (1259-1271) and King Ramachandra (1271-1309). He was a scholar, poet, architect, diplomat, and administrator. Hemadri is well-known for his work Chaturvarga Chintamani, which details procedures for performing various Vratas (religious vows).

Sridhara: Sridhara authored the Smrityarthasara, a comprehensive text that addresses various aspects of Dharmashastra, including marriage and other important social and legal matters.

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

81. Which of the following texts allow divorce?

(I) Narada Smriti
(II) Manava Dharmashastra
(III) Arthashastra
(IV) Yajnavalkya Smriti
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) Only IV
(2) I and III
(3) I and IV
(4) Only III
(NOV 2021)

Answer: 4

In ancient India, the Arthashastra provides detailed procedures on how and under what circumstances a husband and wife can be legally separated without any major obstacles. It also grants equal property rights to a widow, allowing her to share the estate with her sons after her husband’s death.

The Arthashastra, authored by Kautilya (also known as Chanakya), is a significant treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Kautilya, who served as the prime minister to Chandragupta Maurya, India’s great emperor, wrote this text, which offers a comprehensive examination of various fields including history, economics, politics, and management. It stands as one of the most influential works of ancient Indian thought on governance and societal laws.

82. Which of the following pairs indicate female teachers according to ancient grammarians?

(1) Acharya and Acharyani
(2) Acharyani and Upadhyayani
(3) Upadhyaya and Upadhyayani
(4) Acharya and Upadhyaya
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 4

According to ancient indian grammarians, the terms Acharya and Upadhyaya were used to denote female teachers The works of grammarians like Katyayana and Patanjall indicate that women received education during the early Vedic period, where they enjoyed a high status in various aspects of life, including education and learning. These references highlight the significant role of women in the intellectual and spiritual domains of Vedic society.

83. Paumacariyam is the Jaina version of which of the following story?

(1) Mahabharata
(2) Buddhacaritam
(3) Dasarathajatakam
(4) Ramayana
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 4

Paumacariyam, written by Vimalasuri, is the Jain version of the Ramayana. The text presents the story of Rama from a Jain perspective, with several variations from the traditional Hindu epic. For instance, in the Jain version, Rama is depicted as a non-violent figure who does not kill Ravana

84. Which among the following is the work of Nathamuni?

(1) Siddhitrayam
(2) Nyayatattva
(3) Shribhashya
(4) Tattva Ratnakara
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 2

Nathamuni, also known as Sri Ranganathamuni (823 CE-951 CE), was a prominent Vaishnava theologian and is regarded as the first Acharya of the Sri Vaishnava tradition. He is credited with collecting and compiling the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, a collection of Tamil hymns by the Alvars.in addition to his contributions to the Vaishnava tradition, Nathamuni is the author of two important works: Yogarahasya A text on yoga philosophy. Nyayatattva A philosophical work that deals with Vaishnavism, metaphysics, and logic.

85. ‘Upavasa’ terminology used in Arthasastra of Kautilya, refers to

(1) wealthy peasant
(2) landlord
(3) tenant
(4) moneylender
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 3

In Kautilya’s Arthashastra, the term ‘Upavasa’ refers to a tenant or sharecropper. These were individuals who cultivated land that was not their own, often paying rent or a portion of their produce to the landowner. The Arthashastra, treatise on statecraft, economics, and governance, provides detailed guidelines on the management of agriculture, taxation, and tenancy systems, reflecting the economic structures of ancient India. Thus, in this context, ‘Upavasa’ denotes tenants involved in farming on rented land.

86. Which of the texts form a cluster of Prasthanatrayi in Hindu literary tradition?

(I) Brahmana texts
(II) Ramayana
(III) Brahmasutras
(IV) Upanishad
(V) Kalpasutra
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) I, II and III
(2) II, III and IV
(3) III and IV
(4) I, II and V
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 3

The Prasthanatrayi refers to the three key texts that form the foundation of the Vedantic tradition in Hindu philosophy. These texts are: Upanishads Known as Śruti Prasthana, they represent the philosophical core of the Vedas and provide insights into the nature of reality and the self.

Brahmasutras Known as Nyaya Prasthana or Yukti Prasthana, these sutras offer logical reasoning and systematic interpretation of the teachings found in the Upanishads.

Bhagavad Gita Known as Smrti Prasthāna or Sadhana Prasthana, this scripture presents practical philosophy, summarizing the essence of the Upanishads in a form accessible for personal practice.

87. ‘Manimegalai’, a Buddhist work, was inspired by the logical system of which philosopher?

(1) Ashwaghosha
(2) Dinnaga
(3) Nagasena
(4) Gautam
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 2

The Tamil epic “Manimegalal” is one of the five great epics of Tamil literature. It revolves around the life of Manimegalai, a Buddhist nun, and explores Buddhist philosophy and ethics. This work reflects strong Buddhist philosophical influences, particularly those related to logic and epistemology. Dinnaga (circa 5th-6th century CE) was a pioneering Buddhist philosopher known as the father of Buddhist logic and epistemology. His system of logic, particularly the concepts of pramāņas (means of knowledge), played a key role in shaping Buddhist thought, which is echoed in works like Manimegalai. Thus, the philosophical system of Dinnaga inspired the Buddhist themes and logical reasoning present in Manimegalai.

88. Which book of Indian logic introduces the New Nyaya (Navya Nyaya) system in Indian Philosophy?

(1) Khandana Khanda Khadya
(2) Nyaya Siddhanjana
(3) Tattva Chintamani
(4) Padartha Chintamani
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 3

The Navya Nyaya (New Logic) system in Indian philosophy was introduced by Gangesha Upadhyaya through his seminal work, Tattva Chintamani. This text marked the beginning of the New Nyaya tradition, which refined the earlier classical Nyaya logic by focusing on more precise and analytical reasoning. Tattva Chintamani deals with various philosophical topics such as perception, inference, and the means of valid knowledge (pramāņas). The New Nyaya school, which originated from this work, became influential in advancing Indian logic and epistemology, offering a more structured and formal approach to philosophical arguments.

89. Who wrote ‘Mushika Vamsha’?

(1) Sandhyakar Nandi
(2) Athula
(3) Bilhana
(4) Kalhana
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 2

Mushika Vamsha is an important Sanskrit text that chronicles the history of the Mushika dynasty, which ruled in parts of Kerala. The author of Mushika Vamsha is Athula, who documented the genealogy, exploits, and achievements of the rulers of this dynasty in poetic form.

Sandhyakar Nandi He authored Ramacharitom, a 12th-century work combining history and poetry. Bilhana He wrote Vikramankadevacharito, a biography of King Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukya dynasty.

Kalhana He is the author of Rajatarangini, a historical chronicle of the kings of Kashmir.

90. Which of the following writers provides biographical details of the Chandela dynasty?

(1) Bana
(2) Bilhana
(3) Kalhana
(4) None of the above
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 4

None of the given option is correct The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti were an Indian dynasty that ruled much of the Bundelkhand region (then known as Jejakabhukti) from the 9th to the 13th centuries. They were part of the Chandel clan of Rajputs. Epigraphic records and contemporary texts, such as the Balabhadra-vilasa and Prabodha-chandrodaya, suggest that the Chandelas traced their lineage to the Lunar dynasty (Chandravansha). A 954 CE Khajuraho inscription mentions that the first king of the dynasty, Nannuka, was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, a son of the sage Atri. Another 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription offers a slightly different version, stating that Chandratreya was the son of Indu (the Moon) and the grandson of Atri. Similar accounts appear in the 1195 CE Baghari Inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription.

The Balabhadra-vilasa also lists Atri as an ancestor of the Chandelas. Furthermore, a Khajuraho inscription describes King Dhanga of the Chandelas as a member of the Vrishni clan of the Yadavas, another lineage that claimed descent from the Lunar dynasty.

91. ‘Samaya Matrika’ of Kshemendra describes the adventures of in various spheres of the society.

(1) a woman
(2) a prince
(3) a traveller
(4) a warrior
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 1

The Samaya Matrika (The Courtesan’s Keeper) is a satirical work by Kshemendra, an 11th-century Kashmiri poet, originally written in Sanskrit and later translated into English by A. N. D. Haksar.

The narrative follows the adventures of Kankali, a worldly and sharp-witted Kashmiri courtesan, who takes Kalavati, a younger woman, under her care. Together, they journey across Kashmir, with Kankali using her shapeshifting abilities to teach Kalavati valuable life lessons. Through these experiences, Kalavati gains insight into the follies and contradictions of human behavior.

Kankali exposes the hypocrisy of various social figures, such as priests who resell temple offerings and monks who break their vows. At the same time, she highlights the unsung nobility of ordinary people, like a porter who selflessly carries water to the fields and a magistrate who foregoes personal wealth to serve the public with integrity. The work provides a satirical yet insightful commentary on human nature and social dynamics.

92. The Sanskrit text describing the history of the sacred places of ancient India are called

(1) Upanishad
(2) Agama
(3) Kayya
(4) Sthalapurana
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 4

Sthalapurana refers to Sanskrit texts that describe the history, legends, and significance of sacred places (tirthas) in ancient India. These texts often contain mythological stories, rituals, and descriptions of religious sites, detailing their origins and importance in the context of Hinduism.

These works play an important role in Buiding pilgrims and devotees about the significance of particular temples, rivers, and pilgrimage spots,

93. Who among the following wrote the first Malayalam version of Bhagavat Gita?

(1) Madava Panikkar
(2) Sankara Panikkar
(3) Rama Panikkar
(4) Cherusseri
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 1

Madhava Panikkar authored the Bhasha Bhagavadgita, a condensed Malayalam translation of the Bhagavad Gita, which is recognized as the first translation of the Gita into any modern Indian language. On the other hand, Sankara Panikkar is best known for his work Bharatamala, a masterful condensation of the Mahabharata. Rama Panikkar made significant contributions by authoring Ramayanam, Bharatam, and Bhagavatam in Malayalam.

94. Which of the following is/are correct?

I. Kalhana’s Rajtarangini details the history of the Kings of Western India.

II. Rajendra-I was one of the most celebrated Kings of the Chola kingdom.

III. Alvars were the Shaiva saints of South India.

IV. Nathamuni was a great teacher of Vaishnava tradition.

5. Vyasa composed the Bhagavad Gita before he wrote the Mahabharata.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(1) I, II and III
(2) I, II and IV
(3) I, III and IV
(4) II and IV
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 4

Kalhana’s Rajatarangini chronicles the history of the kings of Kashmir, not Western India. Rajendra Chola I was one of the most celebrated rulers of the Chola kingdom, known for his military conquests and naval expeditions, including his campaigns in Southeast Asia. The third statement is incorrect as the Alvars were Vaishnava saints devoted to Vishnu, while the Nayanars were Shaiva saints dedicated to Shiva. The fourth statement is correct, as Nathamuni was a prominent teacher in the Vaishnava tradition, known for compiling the hymns of the Alvars and contributing to the development of Sri Vaishnavism. The final statement is also incorrect because the Bhagavad Gita is a part of the Mahabharata, specifically embedded within the Bhishma Parva, and was composed during the events of the epic, not before it.

95. Metrology is the study of

(1) chronology of coins.
(2) study of weather.
(3) the measurement and arrangement of coins by weight.
(4) Study of metal.
(OCT 2022)

Answer: 3

Metrology refers to the science of measurement, and in the context of numismatics, it involves the measurement and arrangement of coins by their weight, size, and other physical properties. This discipline helps in understanding the economic practices of ancient civilizations, the standardization of currency, and the minting processes used over time.

96. Gauda-Vaho, a poetical work in Prakrit, is written by whom?

(1) Vakpati
(2) Hemchandra
(3) Pampa
(4) Vagbhata
(JUNE 2023: Shift-1)

Answer: 1

Gauda-Vaho (also spelled Goudavaho) is a poetical work in Prakrit written by Vakpati (also known as Vakpati-raja). It is a celebrated epic poem that describes the military conquest of Bengal (Gauda) by King Yashovarman of Kanauj.

97. The Smritisamgraha by an anonymous author is a work on which of the following subjects?

(1) Religion and Philosophy
(2) Espionage system
(3) Law and Legal Institutions
(4) Military and warfare
(JUNE 2023: Shift-1)

Answer: 3

The Smritisamgraha is a compilation related to law and legal institutions. In ancient India, Smritis were texts dealing with laws, customs, and social norms that governed society. They provided guidelines on matters such as property rights, familial obligations, legal procedures, and punishments. The Smritisamgraha, although attributed to an anonymous author, follows this tradition, consolidating principles from various smritis (like the Manusmriti or Yajnavalkya Smriti) into a comprehensive text on legal and institutional matters.

98. Which of the following is NOT a dating technique of archaeological remains?

(1) Sonar Sensing technique
(2) Thermo luminescence method
(3) Accelerated Mass Spectrometry
(4) Electron Spin Resonance method
(JUNE 2023: Shift-1)

Answer: 3

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is an advanced analytical technique that uses a mass spectrometer and ion accelerator to measure isotope ratios with high precision. While it plays a crucial role in radiocarbon dating, AMS Itself is not an independent dating technique. It enhances the sensitivity and precision of radiocarbon dating by accurately measuring carbon isotopes (like C-14) in small samples. Thus, it acts as an analytical tool to aid in dating but isn’t classified directly as a standalone archaeological dating technique.

99. “The Imperial civilization may well have absorbed numerous contributions from various conquered people….to understand and adopt a new culture”. Who wrote the above passage?

(1) Francis Fukuyama
(2) A.K. Coomaraswamy
(3) Joseph S. Nye
(4) Yuval Noah Harari
(JUNE 2023: Shift-1)

Answer: 4

This passage aligns with the themes discussed by Yuval Noah Harari in his works, such as Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Harari often explores the dynamics of empires, globalization, and how civilizations absorb and adapt ideas, technologies, and practices from conquered or neighboring cultures. His writing emphasizes the evolution of human societies and the way power transformations.

100. Which of the following statements are correct?

A. Krisiparashara and Krishisukti are the texts on agriculture.
B. The brhadhala or big plough is mentioned in a tenth century inscription from Jodhpur.
C. The Paryayamuktavali is a text dealing with agriculture techniques of tilling the land.
D. The construction of Vapi became popular in Rajasthan and Gujarat in the Early Medieval India.
E. The detailed instructions regarding agriculture appear in the Agni Purana, and the Vishnudharmottara Purana.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A, C, D and E only
(2) B, C and D only
(3) A, B and D only
(4) A, D and E only
(JUNE 2023: Shift-1)

Answer: 4

Krisiporashora and Krishisukti are well-known ancient Indian texts that discuss agricultural techniques and practices.

The brhadhala or big plough is mentioned in ninth century not in tenth-century inscription from Jodhpur.

Paryayamuktavali is not recognized as a text related to agriculture but rather deals with Jain logic and philosophical concepts.

Vapi refers to step-wells, which became an important feature in Rajasthan and Gujarat during the Early Medieval period, helping with water conservation and agriculture.

These Puranas contain sections that provide Instructions on agriculture, reflecting the Importance of farming practices in ancient Indian society.

101. Which of the following statements are correct?

A. Nathmani is the author of the Nyayatarra which gives an elaborate exposition of the philosophy of the Vishishtadvaita school.
B. Praptti is the essential doctrine of this school means absolute surrender to god.
C. The sect founded by Nathmani was known as the Aghora.
D. Nathmani was one of the successors of Rammuja.
E. Nathmani was inspired by the songs of Sathakopa.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) B, C and D only
(2) A, B and D only
(3) A, B and E only
(4) C, D and E only
(JUNE 2023: Shift-1)

Answer: 3

Nathamuni, also known as Sri Ranganathamuni (823 CE-951 CE), was a prominent Vaishnava theologian recognized for his significant contributions to the Sri Vaishnavism tradition. He is best known for collecting and compiling the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, a collection of Tamil hymns dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Considered the first of the Sri Vaishnava acharyas, Nathamuni also authored Important texts such as the Yogarahasya and Nyayatattva.

Ramanuja (c. 1017 1137), also referred to as Ramanujacharya, was an influential Indian Hindu philosopher and social reformer. He is celebrated as one of the key exponents of Sri Vaishnavism and made substantial contributions to the philosophical foundations of devotionalism, which significantly impacted the Bhakti movement.

The Aghori, derived from the Sanskrit word “Aghora,” meaning ‘not dreadful’ or ‘dreadless,’ are a monastic order of ascetic Shaivite sadhus based in Uttar Pradesh, India. They are the last surviving sect of the Käpälika tradition, a Tantric and non-Puranic form of Shaivism that emerged in medieval India between the 4th and 8th centuries CE.

102. Match the following:

(JUNE 2023: Shift-1)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(4) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

Answer: 2

Yuval N. Harari → Homo Deus

Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow is a famous book by Yuval Noah Harari, exploring the future of humanity.

V. Gordon Childe → Piecing Together the Past

Gordon Childe was an influential archaeologist, and this book reflects on reconstructing the ancient past using archaeology.

A. L. Basham → A Cultural History of India

Basham, known for The Wonder That Was India, contributed to cultural history studies, including this work.

Brian M. Fagan → People of the Earth

Brian Fagan is an archaeologist who wrote extensively on human prehistory, including People of the Earth, a comprehensive study of early human societies.

103. Leelavati Ganita was authorised by:

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)
(1) Krishnadeva Raya
(2) Bhaskaracharya
(3) Ashok
(4) Panini

Answer: 2

Bhaskara II (c. 1114-1185), also known as Bhaskaracharya was an Indian polymath, mathematician, astronomer, and engineer. From verses in his main work, Siddhämto Siromani, it can be inferred that he was born in 1114 in Vijjadavida (Vijjalavida) and lived in the Satpuda mountain ranges of the Western Ghats, believed by scholars to be the town of Patana in Chalisgaon, located in the present-day Khandesh region of Maharashtra. In a temple in Maharashtra, an inscription supposedly created by his grandson Changadeva lists Bhaskaracharya’s ancestral lineage for several generations before and two generations after him.

His notable works include: Siddhanta Shiromani Lilavati (Leelavati Ganita) Bijaganita Karana-Kautühala Grahagamita and Golādhyaya

104. Which is incorrect about ‘Milind-Panho’?

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)
(1) The work is a conversation between the Greek King Milinda and Buddhist monk Nagasena.
(2) The original text is lost and the present work is merely a Pali translation of the original.
(3) A commentary on Milind Panho was written by Dhammapala in fifth century A.D.
(4) Some of the dialogues of the Milind Panho stand comparison with the dialogues of Plato.

Answer: 3

This statement is incorrect because no such commentary by Dhammapala exists. The Milind-Panho is a well-known Buddhist text, but there is no historical evidence of a fifth-century commentary by Dhammapala on this work.

Dhammapăla refers to two or more notable Theravada Buddhist commentators. The earlier Dhammapala, born in Kanchipuram, is known from both the Gondhavamsa and the writings of Xuanzang to have lived at Badara Tittha Vihara, located south of modern-day Chennai. He is credited with writing commentaries on seven sharter canonical texts, which consist primarily of verses, as well as the commentary on the Netti, considered one of the oldest Pali works outside the canon.

105. Jayadeva Mahakavi flourished in the court of:

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)
(1) Pallavas
(2) Sena rulers of Bengal
(3) Rajaraja Chola
(4) Somavamsis of Orissa

Answer: 2

Jayadeva Mahakavi, the famous poet who composed the Gita Govinda, flourished in the court of the Sena rulers of Bengal, particularly under Lakshmana Sena

106. Nama-i-Khirad-Afja is a Persian translation of which famous book?

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)
(1) Atharva Veda
(2) Ramayana
(3) Sinhasan Battisi
(4) Mahabharata

Answer: 3

Singhasan Battisi is a collection of Indian folk tales, meaning “thirty-two tales of the throne.” In the frame story, King Bhoja of the 11th century discovers the throne of the legendary King Vikramaditya, adorned with 32 statues that are actually apsaras cursed into stone. Each apsara recounts a story about Vikramaditya’s life and adventures, attempting to convince Bhoja that he is not worthy of sitting on Vikramaditya’s throne.

Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni translated these stories into Persian for the Mughal emperor Akbar, under the title Nama-i-Khirad-Afza (“Wisdom-enhancing book”), a translation completed in 1581 CE. Other Persian titles include Gul Afshan and Senguehassen Battisi. The work was later translated into Hindi by Lallu Lal and Kazim Ali Javan.

107. Match List I with List II:

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
(2) (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(3) (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
(4) (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)

Answer: 1

Radiocarbon matches with Dating method:

Radiocarbon dating is a scientific method used to determine the age of organic materials by measuring the decay of carbon-14 isotopes.

Trench matches with Layers in archaeology, a trench is an excavation method that exposes different layers of soil, allowing archaeologists to study the stratigraphy of the site.

Stratigraphy matches with Depth:Stratigraphy involves analyzing the layers (or strata) of soil to understand the historical sequence of events at a site, often relating to the depth of these layers.

Potsherds matches with Mound: Potsherds, or broken pieces of pottery, are often found in archaeological mounds, which are raised areas where ancient human activity has occurred.

108. Match List I with List II:

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(2) (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
(3) (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
(4) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

Answer: 2

Madhava-nidana is related to Deals with pathology: The Madhava-nidana is an ancient text on Ayurveda that discusses various diseases and their treatment, focusing on pathology.

Nighantu is described as The oldest medico-botanical dictionary: The Nighantu refers to a collection of medicinal plants and herbs, serving as a medico-botanical dictionary.

Ganitaskandha is associated with Mathematics: The Ganitaskandha is a Sanskrit text that discusses mathematics, including arithmetic and geometry.

Rasaratnakara relates to) Preparation of quick silver and other metals: The Rasoratnakara is a treatise on alchemy and the preparation of various metals, including mercury (quick silver).

109. Srimad Ramayana is a continuous text on morality to be followed by all human beings. Because, it teaches about –

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)

(A) Respect to parents
(B) Relation between brothers
(C) Accepting the qualities of even an enemy
(D) Maintaining relations even with tribal people
(E) Drinking is an un-sin

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A), (B), (D), (E)
(2) (B), (E), (A), (C)
(3) (E), (B), (A), (D)
(4) (A), (B), (C), (D)

Answer: 4

Respect to parents: The text teaches the importance of honoring and respecting one’s parents, as exemplified by Lord Rama’s unwavering devotion to his father, King Dasharatha.

Relation between brothers: It highlights the significance of brotherly bonds, as seen in the relationship between Rama and his brothers, particularly Lakshmana, who represents loyalty and support.

Accepting the qualities of even an enemy: The Ramayana also illustrates the virtue of recognizing admirable traits in adversaries, notably in the character of Ravana, who, despite his flaws, exhibited qualities like valor and intelligence.

Maintaining relations even with tribal people: The epic underscores the importance of inclusivity and maintaining relationships with all sections of society, as depicted in Rama’s alliance with the Vanaras (monkeys) and tribal communities.

Drinking is an un-sin: This statement does not align with the moral teachings of the Romoyono, as the text generally promotes ethical living and discourages indulgence in harmful behaviors.

110. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)

Assertion (A): Bharat was born of Shakuntala and Dushyanta because,
Reason (R): He was reared by the Shakuntala.

Choose the correct answer:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct

Answer: 1

Assertion (A) is correct: Bharat is indeed the son of Shakuntala and King Dushyanta, as per the famous Indian epic Mohobhoroto and Kalidasa’s play Shakuntala.

Reason (R) is also correct: Bharat was raised by Shakuntala after Dushyanta acknowledged him.

111. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)

Assertion (A): Kalhana’s Rajatarangini is a historical record of rulers of Kashmir.
Reason (R): But Samudragupta is not referred. Therefore Kalhana’s work is incomplete.

Choose the correct answer:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct

Answer: 3

Assertion (A) is correct: Kalhana’s Rojatorangini indeed serves as a historical record detailing the rulers of Kashmir and is considered a significant work in Kashmiri history.

Reason (R) is incorrect: While Kalhana does not refer to Samudragupta in detail, this does not make his work “incomplete.” The absence of a reference to Samudragupta does not detract from the overall historical value or completeness of Rajatarangini, as it focuses primarily on the rulers of Kashmir rather than those of other regions.

112. Arrange the following saints in chronological order (earliest to recent):

(AUG-2024, Shift 1)
(A) Ramanuj
(B) Andal
(C) Ramananda
(D) Kumbhandas

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A), (B), (C), (D)
(2) (C), (A), (B), (D)
(3) (B), (A), (C), (D)
(4) (B), (C), (D), (A)

Answer: 3

Andal also known as Kothai, Nachiyar, and Godadevi, was the only female Alvar among the twelve poet-saints of South India. She is posthumously revered as an avatar of the goddess Bhudevi and was affiliated with the Sri Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism. Scholars place her active period in the 8th century CE, though some suggest she may have lived as early as the 7th century CE.

Ramanuja (c. 1017-1137), also known as Ramanujacharya, was a significant Indian Hindu philosopher, guru, and social reformer. He is recognized as one of the foremost proponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition. Ramanuja’s philosophical contributions laid the foundation for devotionalism, which significantly influenced the Bhakti movement.

Jagadguru Swami Ramananda (14th century CE), or Ramanandacharya, was a Hindu Vaishnava devotional poet-saint who lived in the Gangetic plains of northern India. He is traditionally acknowledged as the founder of the Ramanandi Sampradaya, which has become the largest monastic Hindu renunciant community in modern times.

Kumbhandas (1468-1583), a prominent poet of the Ashtachhap, was a contemporary of Parmanandadas. His life is detailed in “Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta.” Kumbhandas lived in the village of Jamunavatau, near the Govardhan mountain in Braj, and was devoted to performing kirtan at the temple of Shrinathji. Initiated by Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya in 1492 AD, Kumbhandas led a simple life, detached from worldly desires such as wealth and honor. Despite being honored by Emperor Akbar during a visit to Fatehpur Sikri, Kumbhandas remained regretful of the experience, always preferring his devotion over recognition.

113. Chronologically arrange the following in ascending order (earliest to recent):

(AUG-2024, Shift 1)
(A) Aryabhata
(B) Suśruta
(C) Varahamihira
(D) Hieun Tsang

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (B), (A), (C), (D)
(2) (B), (C), (A), (D)
(3) (A), (B), (C), (D)
(4) (A), (B), (D), (C)

Answer: 1

Suśruta (circa 600 BCE) was an ancient Indian physician renowned as the father of surgery and is associated with the famous medical text, the Suśruta Samhitä.

Aryabhata (476-550 CE) was a prominent mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy. His notable works include the Aryabhatiya and the Arya-siddhanta. He mentioned in his writings that he was 23 years old in 499 CE.

Varahamihira (505 CE-587 CE) was a celebrated Indian astrologer and polymath. His works include the Pancha-siddhantika, Brhaj-jataka, Brhat-samhita, and Brhad-yatra, the latter being written due to his dissatisfaction with an earlier work on the subject.

Hieun Tsang (602 CE 664 CE) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, and traveler who visited India during the 7th century, contributing significantly to the understanding of Indian culture and religion during his time.

114. Match List I with List II:

(AUG-2024, Shift 1)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(2) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(3) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(4) (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)

Answer: 2

Kshemendra (c. 990с. 1070 CE) was a prominent 11th-century Sanskrit polymath from Kashmir. He was known for his versatility as a poet, satirist, philosopher, historian, dramatist, translator, and art critic. Renowned for his ability to condense lengthy texts, his literary career spanned from 1037 (with his earliest work, Brihatkathāmanjari, a verse summary of the now-lost Brhatkatha by Gunadhya) to 1066 (with his final work, Daśavataracharita, detailing the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu).

Kathősaritságara (“Ocean of the Streams of Stories”) is another famous 11th-century Sanskrit compilation of Indian legends and folktales, retold by the Shaivite poet Somadeva from Kashmir. It is based on the now-lost Brhatkotha, originally composed by Gunadhya in Paiśācī, a poorly-understood language.

The Kuttanimatam, or Kuttanimata, is an erotic and comic poem by the Kashmiri poet Damodaragupta. Though little is known about his life, the poem mentions that he served as a minister to King Jayapida, who ruled Kashmir from 779 to 813 CE. This places the work in that period. The text was relatively unknown until 1883 when a copper plate manuscript was discovered by Dr. Peterson. The poem is also known as Sombholimatam.

Finally, Rtusamhara is a medium-length Sanskrit poem, often attributed to the classical poet Kalidasa. The title translates to “Compilation of the Seasons,” and it celebrates the beauty and diversity of the seasons in India.

115. Texts associated with some earliest references of Rädhä as the devoted beloved of Krishnga include:

(AUG-2024, Shift 1)

(A) Ashtangahridayasangraha
(B) Gitagovinda
(C) Harshacharita
(D) Brahmavaivartta Purana

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A), (B) and (C) Only
(2) (B) and (D) Only
(3) (B) and (C) Only
(4) (B), (C) and (D) Only

Answer: 2

The Gito Govinda poetic work composed by the 12th. century Hindu poet Jayadeva, it portrays the relationship between Krishna Radha, and the gopis female cowherds) of Vrindavan. The Gita Govinda is structured into twelve chapters, which are further divided into twenty-four sections known as probandhas. Each probandha contains couplets grouped into eights, called oshtopadis. The text vividly describes the eight moods of the Heroine. known as the Ashte Nayiko, which has inspired numerous compositions and choreographic works in Indian classical dance. In the Jagannatha temple, the Gita Govinda is sung nightly in the Odissi music style, a tradition that has continued uninterrupted since Jayadeva’s time. Additionally, musicians in Kerala have adapted the ashtapadis into a temple music form known as sopona sangeetham Jayadeva’s hymns are also incorporated into the Guru Granth Sahib

The Brahmavaivarta Purong is a significant and extensive Sanskrit text classified as a Moho-purana in Hinduism. This Vaishnava text is primarily focused on the deities Radha and Krishna, exploring their divine relationship in detail.

116. According to Kityayana, Vidyadhana (property acquired through learning) comprised:

(AUG-2024, Shift 1)

(A) Property acquired by a scholar from his pupils.
(B) Property acquired by Sale of books.
(C) Property acquired as a reward for success in solving a difficult question or disputation.
(D) Property acquired as a sacrificial fees.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A), (B) and (C) Only
(2) (B), (C) and (D) Only
(3) (A), (B), (C), (D)
(4) (A), (C) and (D) Only

Answer: 4

According to Katyayana, Vidyodhana (property acquired through learning) includes property that a scholar receives from his pupils, as it is earned through teaching. It also encompasses property gained as a reward for successfully solving difficult questions or engaging in disputation, reflecting intellectual accomplishment. Additionally, property acquired as sacrificial fees falls under Vidyadhona, as it is obtained through religious or scholarly activities. However, property gained through the sale of books does not traditionally fit within the concept of Vidyadhana in this context.

117. Varāhamihira’s ‘Brhat Samhitä’ talks about:

(AUG-2024, Shift 1)

(A) method of measuring the amount of rainfall
(B) astronomical observations
(C) construction of houses and temples
(D) grafting of plants, and ways to increase fruit yield

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (B), (C) and (D) only
(2) (A), (B) and (D) only
(3) (A), (B) and (C) only
(4) (A), (B), (C), (D)

Answer: 4

Varahamihira’s Brhat Samhita is an encyclopedic text that covers a wide range of topics, making it a significant work in ancient Indian knowledge systems. It discusses methods for measuring rainfall, providing insights into ancient meteorological practices. The text also includes detailed astronomical observations, reflecting Varahamihira’s expertise in astrology and astronomy. Additionally, it offers guidance on the construction of houses and temples, showcasing knowledge of architecture and urban planning.

Furthermore, it explores horticultural techniques such as plant grafting and ways to increase fruit yield, demonstrating an understanding of agricultural sciences. Thus, Brhat Samhitā encompasses a broad spectrum of knowledge, ranging from meteorology to astronomy, architecture, and horticulture.

118. The book ‘Nyāya-tattva’ which gives an elaborate exposition of the philosophy of the Vishishtadvaita school, was authored by:

(DEC 2023: Shift-1)
(1) Nathamuni
(2) Lagadhamuni
(3) Bharatamuni
(4) Rāmānujacharya

Answer: 1

Nathamuni (823 CE 951 CE), also known as Sri Ranganathamuni, was indeed a Vaishnava theologian and is credited with compiling the Naalayira Divya Prabandham. He is also the author of works such as Yogarahasya and Nyāyatattva. Nathamuni played a significant role in the development of Vaishnavism and is considered one of the earliest Sri Vaishnava acharyas.