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Book No. – 3 (Political Science)
Book Name – A History of Political Thought: Plato to Marx (Subrata Mukherjee & S. Ramaswamy)
What’s Inside the Chapter? (After Subscription)
1. LIFE SKETCH
2. RENAISSANCE AND ITS IMPACT
3. MACHIAVELLI’S POLITICAL THEORY
3.1. Human Nature
3.2. Analysis of Corruption and Civic Virtu
3.3. Attitude to Religion
3.4. Double Standards of Morality
4. SCIENCE OF STATECRAFT
4.1. Importance of History
4.2. Republican Politics and Notion of Liberty
4.3. Violence and the Need for Caution
4.4. Advice to the Prince
4.5. Role of the Lawgiver
4.6. Nature of the State
4.7. Theory of Change and Fortune as a Woman
5. CONCLUSION
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LANGUAGE
Machiavelli
Chapter – 4
Table of Contents
- The Prince is not a systematic treatise but a “live” work blending political ideology and political science in a dramatic form.
- Machiavelli combined utopia and scholarly treatise to give an imaginative and artistic form to political philosophy.
- Renaissance produced Machiavelli as the supreme figure in political philosophy, though he shocked many with his ideas.
- Machiavelli’s attack on prevailing moral assumptions was original and significant for his time.
- Machiavelli had a sinister reputation, being seen as a guide for rogues, usurpers, and tyrants, with Machiavellismsymbolizing villainy.
- Critics like Shakespeare described him as the “murderous Machiavel”, associating him with deception, cruelty, and violence in politics.
- Spinoza regarded Machiavelli as a friend of the people, while Montesquieu saw him as a lover of liberty.
- Rousseau viewed Machiavelli as a Republican and a satirist of tyranny.
- Voltaire and Diderot appreciated Machiavelli’s intellectual contributions and rehabilitated his reputation.
- Machiavelli was seen by some as a champion of democratic government, not a supporter of despotism.
- Enlightenment thinkers accepted Machiavelli as a historian who laid the foundation for a new science of politics.
- His writings focused on political realism, analyzing human nature and the nature of political society.
- Admiration and hostility towards Machiavelli stemmed from misunderstandings of the context of his writings and their implications.
- The Prince was written due to Medici despotism and the hope of uniting Italy, while Discourses showed concern for moral and political degradation in Italian public life.
- In Discourses, Machiavelli emphasized politics as a public responsibility and the need for rules distinct from private morality.
- Machiavelli highlighted success as the key measure of political activity, assessing achievements based on the initial promise.
- His work was situational, offering realistic insights into political power rather than speculative or abstract ideas.
- Machiavelli rejected idealization, focused on realities of politics, and pioneered a scientific study of politics.
- He is honored as the first modern political theorist and scientist, marking the beginning of a new era in political theory.
LIFE SKETCH
- Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy on May 3, 1469, into a family that was well-connected but not rich or aristocratic.
- The year of his birth marked the rule of Lorenzo de Medici, known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent”, over Florence, a period of economic prosperity and political disorder.
- Machiavelli loved Florence and was well-versed in Latin and Cicero’s humanistic studies.
- His humanistic education valued the subordination of private interests for the public good, the fight against tyranny, and noble acts for glory.
- The Medici rule ended in 1494, followed by the rule of Girolamo Savonarola, and in 1498 a republic was established in Florence.
- In 1498, Machiavelli joined the Florentine diplomatic service, gaining insight into foreign affairs, administration, and military politics.
- Machiavelli had a strong belief in history as a guide to understanding contemporary politics, and he dedicated time to reading classics.
- He met influential statesmen like Julius II, Emperor Maximilian I, King Louis XII, and Cardinal Cesare Borgia, the latter leaving a lasting impression on him.
- Borgia was cited in The Prince for his ruthless leadership and as an example of fortune’s role in politics.
- In 1500, Machiavelli spent six months in Louis XII’s court, learning the importance of a citizen army and republican government for a state’s glory.
- Upon returning, Machiavelli was deeply affected by personal losses and political experiences, which shaped his views on statecraft.
- In 1503, Machiavelli traveled to Rome to report on a crisis and assess Pope Julius II.
- 1512 saw the collapse of the Republic of Florence, leading to Machiavelli’s dismissal from his position and subsequent imprisonment in 1513.
- After gaining amnesty, he dedicated The Prince to Lorenzo II de’ Medici, expressing gratitude for his release.
- Post-release, Machiavelli reflected on his diplomatic experiences and immersed himself in historical readings, which influenced his writings.
- He read works by Frontinus, Livy, Plutarch, Polybius, Tacitus, Vegetius, and Xenophon.
- The Prince analyzed the causes of state rise and fall and political success, published posthumously in 1532 with 25 editions printed after his death.
- He wrote Mandragola, a comedy that explored themes of immorality, intrigue, and the relationship between ends and means.
- In 1520, he wrote the History of Florence, where he analyzed social conflict as a class war between the people and nobility.
- The History of Florence suggested that human happiness lay in aligning with the deprived, a perspective praised by Marx.
- Machiavelli is remembered as a diplomat, scholar, and dramatist, known for his affectionate, disloyal, humorous, and generous personality.
- He died on June 22, 1527, and his tombstone inscription read: “No epitaph can match so great a name.”