TOPIC INFO (UGC NET)
TOPIC INFO – UGC NET (Economics)
SUB-TOPIC INFO – Indian Economy (UNIT 10)
CONTENT TYPE – Detailed Notes
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1. Poverty in India
1.1. Types of Poverty
1.2. Poverty Line
1.3. Poverty Estimation in India
1.4. Causes of Poverty in India
1.5. Poverty Alleviation Programs in India
2. Inequality in India
2.1. Meaning and Dimensions
2.2. Measurement of Inequality
2.3. Trends in Income and Wealth Inequality
2.4. Regional and Rural-Urban Inequality
2.5. Social Group Inequality
2.6. Gender Inequality
2.7. Kuznets Hypothesis and the Indian Experience
2.8. Role of Economic Reforms (1991) in Shaping Inequality
2.9. Government Measures to Address Inequality
2.10. Global Comparisons and Reports
3. Unemployment
3.1. Concept of Unemployment
3.2. Types of Unemployment
3.3. Measurement of Unemployment in India
3.4. Causes of Unemployment
3.5. Jobless Growth
3.6. Recent Trends Regarding Unemployment In India
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Poverty, Inequality & Unemployment
UGC NET ECONOMICS
Indian Economy (UNIT 10)
Poverty in India
Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon in which an individual or a group lacks the financial means and necessities for a basic level of living. Poverty also includes poor health and education, a lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, a lack of physical security, a lack of voice, and a lack of capacity and chance to improve one’s life. According to the Tendulkar Poverty line method, 20.8% of the Indian population was still in poverty in 2020.
- Poverty is defined as a state or condition in which an individual or a group lacks the financial means and necessities for a basic level of living.
- Poverty is defined as a situation in which one’s earnings from work are insufficient to meet fundamental human requirements.
- Poverty, according to the World Bank, is a severe lack of well-being that has various dimensions. Low earnings and the inability to obtain the essential commodities and services required for a dignified existence are examples of poverty.
- The World Bank defined poverty as individuals living on less than $1.90 per day which is called the International poverty line.
- In India, the National poverty threshold is given by the Tendulkar Committee.
- Poverty also includes poor health and education, a lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, a lack of physical security, a lack of voice, and a lack of capacity and chance to improve one’s life.
- In 2011, 21.9 percent of India’s population was living below the national poverty threshold.
- In 2018, about 8% of the world’s workers and their families were living on less than $1.90 per day (international poverty line).
Types of Poverty
Poverty can be divided into two categories:
- Absolute Poverty: When a household’s income falls below the level required to sustain basic living standards (food, shelter, housing). This condition allows comparisons between countries as well as throughout time.
- The “dollar a day” poverty line, first proposed in 1990, quantified absolute poverty according to the criteria of the world’s poorest countries. The World Bank raised it to $1.90 per day in October 2015.
- Relative Poverty: It is defined from a social perspective as a living standard that is lower than the economic standards of the surrounding population. As a result, it is a measure of income disparity.
- In most cases, relative poverty is defined as the percentage of the population earning less than a certain percentage of median income.