Rise of British Power – UGC NET History – Practice Questions

Portuguese in India

1. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in India in which year?
A) 1492
B) 1496
C) 1498
D) 1502

2. Who among the following is known as the ‘Navigator’ in Portuguese history?
A) Vasco da Gama
B) Prince Henry of Portugal
C) Bartholomew Diaz
D) King Emmanuel

3. Which of the following trading centres was first established by the Portuguese in India?
A) Surat
B) Bombay
C) Madras
D) Calicut

4. The discovery of a sea route to India was mainly aimed at bypassing the dominance of:
A) Muslims over eastern Mediterranean trade routes
B) Dutch merchants in Asia
C) Mongols in Central Asia
D) French traders in Europe

5. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)

6. Which Cape was crossed by Bartholomew Diaz in 1487?
A) Cape Comorin
B) Cape Horn
C) Cape of Good Hope
D) Cape Verde

7. Assertion (A): The Portuguese established naval supremacy in India.
Reason (R): Portuguese ships were sturdier and equipped with cannons unlike many Indian vessels.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

8. Which ruler cordially received Vasco da Gama at Calicut?
A) Krishnadevaraya
B) Zamorin
C) Bahadur Shah
D) Humayun

9. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in:
A) 1487
B) 1492
C) 1497
D) 1494

10. Which among the following was the headquarters of the Portuguese Empire in India?
A) Goa
B) Cochin
C) Calicut
D) Diu

11. The Portuguese crossed the Equator in:
A) 1461
B) 1471
C) 1481
D) 1491

12. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)

13. Which Indian pilot helped Vasco da Gama reach India?
A) Malik Ambar
B) Abdul Rahim
C) Abdul Majid
D) Mir Jumla

14. Who was the first Viceroy of Portuguese possessions in India?
A) Albuquerque
B) Francisco de Almeida
C) Nino da Cunha
D) Vasco da Gama

15. Assertion (A): Almeida opposed multiplication of settlements on land.
Reason (R): He emphasized strengthening naval power instead.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

16. Which policy is associated with Francisco de Almeida?
A) Ring Fence Policy
B) Doctrine of Lapse
C) Subsidiary Alliance
D) Blue Water Policy

17. Albuquerque conquered Goa in:
A) 1510
B) 1509
C) 1515
D) 1520

18. Which region in the Persian Gulf was conquered by Albuquerque in 1515?
A) Basra
B) Ormuz
C) Muscat
D) Bahrain

19. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)

20. The Portuguese headquarters shifted from Cochin to Goa during the governorship of:
A) Almeida
B) Albuquerque
C) Vasco da Gama
D) Nino da Cunha

21. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat transferred Bassein to the Portuguese in:
A) 1529
B) 1530
C) 1534
D) 1540

22. Which Mughal emperor was involved in conflict with Bahadur Shah during Portuguese expansion?
A) Akbar
B) Humayun
C) Jahangir
D) Shah Jahan

23. Assertion (A): Portuguese religious policy created resentment in India.
Reason (R): The Portuguese encouraged unrestricted religious tolerance everywhere without interference.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true.
B) Both (A) and (R) are false.
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

24. Which of the following became a centre of filigree work and metalwork under Portuguese rule?
A) Surat
B) Daman
C) Calicut
D) Goa

25. Which among the following crops was introduced to India by the Portuguese?
A) Potato
B) Wheat
C) Sugarcane
D) Barley

26. The fort of Diu was successfully defended in:
A) 1538
B) 1540
C) 1545
D) 1550

27. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
D) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

28. The union of Portugal and Spain took place under:
A) Charles V
B) Ferdinand
C) Emmanuel I
D) Philip II

29. Which among the following contributed significantly to the decline of Portuguese power in India?
A) Rise of Dutch and English competition
B) Support of Mughal emperors
C) Growth of Vijayanagar Empire
D) Naval weakness of Europeans

30. Assertion (A): Portuguese ships had an advantage over Indian vessels.
Reason (R): Portuguese ships were built to withstand Atlantic storms and carried heavy armament.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

31. Which among the following European powers was the first to arrive in India by sea route?
A) Dutch
B) Portuguese
C) English
D) French

32. Vasco da Gama returned to India for his second visit in:
A) 1498
B) 1499
C) 1500
D) 1501

33. Which factory was established by Vasco da Gama during his second visit to India?
A) Cannanore
B) Surat
C) Goa
D) Diu

34. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)

35. Assertion (A): The Arabs opposed the Portuguese arrival in India.
Reason (R): Arab merchants feared competition in Indian Ocean trade.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

36. Which African river was reached by the Portuguese in 1481?
A) Nile River
B) Niger River
C) Zambezi River
D) Congo River

37. Who among the following described Albuquerque as sharing qualities with Robert Clive?
A) Dodwell
B) Vincent Smith
C) Jadunath Sarkar
D) R.C. Majumdar

38. Which place became the centre of Portuguese administration after 1530?
A) Cochin
B) Goa
C) Calicut
D) Hooghly

39. The Portuguese conquest of Goa brought them into hostility with:
A) Ahmadnagar
B) Bengal Sultanate
C) Bijapur
D) Golconda

40. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
B) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

41. Which policy of Albuquerque encouraged mixed marriages between Portuguese and natives?
A) Colonization policy
B) Subsidiary policy
C) Ring fence policy
D) Mercantile policy

42. Which among the following places was offered to the Portuguese by Bahadur Shah as a base?
A) Surat
B) Diu
C) Bombay
D) Calicut

43. Assertion (A): Portuguese east coast settlements became centres of lawlessness and piracy.
Reason (R): Portuguese authority on the east coast was often less formal.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

44. The Portuguese monopoly over Indian Ocean trade relied mainly on:
A) Land warfare
B) Diplomacy with Mughals
C) Agricultural expansion
D) Naval supremacy

45. In which year were Hindu temples in Goa destroyed under Portuguese orders?
A) 1540
B) 1534
C) 1556
D) 1571

46. Which Mughal emperor’s rise restricted Portuguese expansion on mainland India?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Aurangzeb
D) Shah Alam II

47. Which of the following Portuguese possessions was lost to Iran?
A) Goa
B) Malacca
C) Ormuz
D) Bassein

48. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

49. Which of the following best explains Portuguese success in India during the late 15th century?
A) Presence of a united Indian empire
B) Political divisions among Indian rulers
C) Portuguese superiority in cavalry
D) Mughal alliance

50. Portuguese ships were superior because they were primarily designed for:
A) River transport
B) Coastal fishing
C) Monsoon navigation only
D) Atlantic storms and naval warfare

51. Assertion (A): Portuguese traders treated Arab merchants with hostility.
Reason (R): Arabs had previously dominated Indian Ocean commerce.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

52. Which Portuguese governor sought to strengthen Portuguese influence in Bengal?
A) Almeida
B) Albuquerque
C) Vasco da Gama
D) Nino da Cunha

53. Portuguese influence in Bengal became prominent in:
A) Hooghly
B) Murshidabad
C) Chittagong
D) Dhaka

54. The system of drilling infantry groups introduced by the Portuguese in India was modelled after:
A) French model
B) Mughal model
C) Ottoman model
D) Spanish model

55. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
D) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

56. Which of the following was NOT introduced by the Portuguese to India?
A) Potato
B) Wheat
C) Tomato
D) Chillies

57. Portuguese military innovation in India included extensive use of:
A) Artillery and musketry
B) Elephants in warfare
C) Chariot warfare
D) Camel cavalry

58. Which among the following best describes the Blue Water Policy?
A) Promotion of inland settlements
B) Emphasis on naval supremacy over territorial conquest
C) Religious conversion policy
D) Agricultural expansion policy

59. Assertion (A): Goa became a symbol of Portuguese decline over time.
Reason (R): Portuguese reputation and authority weakened there due to corruption and stagnation.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

60. Which of the following was a major reason for Portuguese decline in India?
A) Strong alliance with Indian rulers
B) Excessive manpower availability
C) Growth of Vijayanagar power
D) Corruption in administration and weak leadership

61. Which among the following rulers of Gujarat transferred Bassein to the Portuguese in 1534?
A) Muzaffar Shah II
B) Bahadur Shah
C) Mahmud Begada
D) Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah

62. The Portuguese conquest of Malacca was significant because it enabled control over:
A) Arabian trade routes
B) Mediterranean commerce
C) Silk production
D) South-East Asian maritime trade

63. Assertion (A): Albuquerque encouraged Portuguese-Indian marriages.
Reason (R): He wanted to strengthen colonization and settlement in India.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

64. Which among the following places was dependent on Muslim vessels for rice supplies, helping Portuguese blockade tactics?
A) Surat and Daman
B) Goa and Diu
C) Hooghly and Bengal
D) Cochin and Calicut

65. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
C) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)

66. In which year did the Portuguese successfully defend the fort of Diu from the King of Gujarat?
A) 1534
B) 1545
C) 1556
D) 1571

67. Which among the following best describes the Portuguese ‘cartaz’ system?
A) Land revenue system
B) Religious conversion method
C) Licensing system for merchant vessels
D) Portuguese military training system

68. Which one of the following ports emerged as an important Portuguese trading centre along with Calicut and Cochin?
A) Madras
B) Bombay
C) Surat
D) Cannanore

69. Assertion (A): Portuguese settlements on the west coast were more stable than those on the east coast.
Reason (R): West coast possessions were integral to Portugal’s commercial interests.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

70. The Portuguese monopoly over pepper trade mainly benefited:
A) Dutch merchants
B) Indian rulers
C) Arab traders
D) Portugal

71. Which among the following was conquered by Albuquerque before Ormuz?
A) Bassein
B) Malacca
C) Daman
D) Hooghly

72. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)

73. Which of the following was an important reason for Portuguese decline after Albuquerque?
A) Rise of Vijayanagar Empire
B) Lack of strong leadership
C) Strong Mughal support
D) End of naval warfare

74. The Portuguese introduced which of the following construction materials in India on a wider scale?
A) Marble and granite
B) Lime mortar and laterite stone
C) Sandstone and bamboo
D) Cement and steel

75. Assertion (A): Portuguese naval supremacy depended heavily on artillery.
Reason (R): Indian ships generally lacked the capacity to withstand cannon attacks.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

76. Which among the following best explains the Portuguese hostility toward Arab merchants?
A) Religious harmony
B) Shared commercial interests
C) Mughal pressure
D) Competition in Indian Ocean trade

77. Which of the following European countries signed the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal?
A) England
B) Spain
C) France
D) Netherlands

78. The Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510 occurred during the reign of which Vijayanagar ruler?
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Achyuta Deva Raya
D) Krishnadevaraya

79. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
C) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

80. The Portuguese defeat and death of Almeida and his son occurred in:
A) 1501
B) 1505
C) 1507
D) 1509

81. Assertion (A): The Portuguese became unpopular among Indians.
Reason (R): Forced conversions and the Inquisition created bitterness.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

82. Which Mughal emperor established stronger imperial authority, thereby limiting Portuguese mainland expansion?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Humayun
D) Jahangir

83. Which among the following was a direct result of the Portuguese union with Spain in 1580?
A) Expansion of Portuguese trade in Bengal
B) Rise of naval supremacy
C) Strengthening of Goa administration
D) Portuguese interests became subordinate to Spanish priorities

84. Which of the following places was captured by the Marathas in 1739, signaling Portuguese decline?
A) Goa
B) Daman
C) Diu
D) Bassein

85. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)

86. Which among the following contributed to the degradation of Portuguese administration in India?
A) High salaries of officials
B) Religious tolerance
C) Strong military reforms
D) Corruption and bribery

87. Goa under Portuguese rule became famous for:
A) Textile weaving only
B) Filigree and metalwork
C) Coal mining
D) Iron smelting only

88. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to introduce which military practice in India?
A) Guerrilla warfare
B) Elephant-mounted artillery
C) Naval aviation
D) Infantry drilling on the Spanish model

89. Assertion (A): Portuguese ships could sail during adverse weather more effectively than Indian vessels.
Reason (R): Indian ships were mostly designed for favourable monsoon winds.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

90. Which among the following best explains why Portuguese maritime success was initially possible in India?
A) India had a powerful navy
B) Portugal had a huge population
C) Strong Mughal naval support existed
D) No powerful Indian state could stop them at sea

91. Which among the following Portuguese officers is regarded as the founder of the Portuguese Empire in India?
A) Francisco de Almeida
B) Albuquerque
C) Nino da Cunha
D) Vasco da Gama

92. The Portuguese shifted their headquarters from Cochin to Goa approximately in:
A) 1510
B) 1520
C) 1525
D) 1530

93. Assertion (A): The Portuguese introduced a new phase of maritime power in India.
Reason (R): They were the first foreign power to arrive in India through a sea route with armed ships.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

94. Which Portuguese possession became a centre of piracy and lawlessness due to weak control?
A) Goa
B) Cochin
C) East coast settlements
D) Diu

95. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)

96. Which among the following historians remarked that Portuguese empire had fallen into decay by the end of the 16th century?
A) Jadunath Sarkar
B) Satish Chandra
C) Vincent Smith
D) Dodwell

97. Which Portuguese Viceroy was insulted between 1597–1600, symbolizing Portuguese disunity?
A) Francisco da Gama
B) Almeida
C) Albuquerque
D) Nino da Cunha

98. Which among the following weakened Portuguese power due to shortage of manpower?
A) High population growth in Portugal
B) Mughal invasions of Portugal
C) Excessive urbanization
D) Sending criminals and outlaws to India

99. Assertion (A): Portuguese military superiority rested partly on artillery.
Reason (R): Indian rulers had no knowledge of firearms before the Portuguese arrived.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true.
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

100. Which among the following was a major Portuguese contribution to coastal trade security?
A) Suppression of inland markets
B) Encouragement of piracy
C) Elimination of merchant shipping
D) Escorting merchant vessels and fighting pirates

101. Which among the following best explains Portuguese decline in shipbuilding and navigation?
A) Rapid industrialization in Portugal
B) Mental stagnation and lack of innovation
C) Mughal control of Lisbon
D) Ban on maritime trade

102. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
C) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

103. Which among the following Indian rulers repeatedly opposed Portuguese expansion in Kerala?
A) Krishnadevaraya
B) Zamorin of Calicut
C) Sher Shah Suri
D) Akbar

104. Which among the following was NOT a policy point of Albuquerque?
A) Occupation of important trading places
B) Encouragement of mixed marriages
C) Construction of forts
D) Complete avoidance of native merchants

105. Assertion (A): Portuguese power survived in India even after Albuquerque’s death.
Reason (R): Territories such as Diu and Bassein were later acquired.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

106. Which among the following regions became more important for Portugal than India over time?
A) Mexico
B) Australia
C) Indonesia
D) Brazil

107. The Portuguese attempted to support which kingdom against Muslim rulers in South India?
A) Vijayanagar Empire
B) Mughal Empire
C) Bengal Sultanate
D) Maratha Confederacy

108. Which among the following goods expanded significantly to Western Europe under Portuguese trade?
A) Silk only
B) Indian pepper
C) Rice only
D) Horses only

109. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)

110. Which among the following best explains Portuguese success in naval warfare?
A) Dependence on elephants
B) Reliance on cavalry charges
C) Weak ship construction
D) Strongly armed multi-decked ships

111. Assertion (A): Portuguese churches in India influenced architecture.
Reason (R): They popularised lime mortar and laterite stone in construction.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

112. Which among the following crops introduced by the Portuguese became indispensable in Indian cuisine?
A) Wheat
B) Chillies
C) Rye
D) Oats

113. Which of the following best describes Portuguese behaviour toward local populations according to many accounts?
A) Completely egalitarian
B) Entirely peaceful
C) Fully democratic
D) Often arrogant and domineering

114. The Portuguese policy of extracting tribute from native merchants reflected:
A) Liberal free trade
B) Mughal administrative influence
C) Socialist redistribution
D) Mercantilist monopoly tendencies

115. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
C) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)

116. Which among the following was one major reason Portuguese authority weakened in India?
A) Strong indigenous navy
B) Support for Arab merchants
C) High moral administration
D) Internal corruption and selfish officials

117. Assertion (A): The Portuguese expanded Indian trade into Africa and Brazil.
Reason (R): Their maritime network connected India with new overseas markets.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

118. The Portuguese capture of Goa primarily harmed relations with:
A) Bengal Sultanate
B) Bijapur Sultanate
C) Delhi Sultanate
D) Mewar Kingdom

119. Which among the following rulers failed along with allies to capture Goa in 1571?
A) Mughal-Rajput alliance
B) Portuguese-Dutch alliance
C) Maratha coalition
D) Combined Indian rulers’ force

120. Which among the following statements is correct regarding Portuguese maritime tactics?
A) They relied only on river navigation
B) Their ships lacked artillery
C) They avoided sea warfare
D) They mastered advanced maritime tactics and naval combat

121. Which among the following best explains why the Portuguese initially preferred naval power over territorial conquest?
A) Lack of interest in trade
B) Limited manpower for land warfare
C) Mughal prohibition on settlements
D) Availability of cavalry forces

122. Which Portuguese ruler emphasized that without command of the sea, land fortresses were of little value?
A) Albuquerque
B) Vasco da Gama
C) Nino da Cunha
D) Francisco de Almeida

123. Assertion (A): The Portuguese were able to blockade parts of the Malabar Coast.
Reason (R): Regions like Cochin and Calicut depended on Muslim ships for rice supply.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

124. Which among the following was one of the earliest Portuguese commercial centres in India?
A) Bombay
B) Madras
C) Pondicherry
D) Cochin

125. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)

126. The Portuguese destroyed Hindu temples in Goa mainly during the period of:
A) Religious tolerance
B) Inquisition and forced conversions
C) Maratha rule
D) British intervention

127. Which among the following was a long-term effect of Portuguese arrival in India?
A) End of coastal trade
B) Elimination of Indian merchants
C) Beginning of the European maritime age in India
D) Collapse of inland kingdoms

128. Which among the following was NOT conquered by Albuquerque?
A) Goa
B) Bassein
C) Malacca
D) Ormuz

129. Assertion (A): Portuguese officials in India often became corrupt.
Reason (R): Low salaries encouraged bribery and private enrichment.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

130. Which among the following helped the Portuguese maintain maritime dominance?
A) Weak artillery
B) Dependence on local kings only
C) Small fishing boats
D) Cannon-equipped oceanic vessels

131. Which among the following Indian regions became a major Portuguese centre in Bengal?
A) Hooghly
B) Murshidabad
C) Patna
D) Sonargaon

132. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)

133. Which among the following powers replaced the Portuguese in several maritime regions?
A) Afghans and Mughals
B) Dutch and English
C) Rajputs and Marathas
D) French and Russians only

134. Which Portuguese governor encouraged native merchants to acknowledge Portuguese supremacy and pay tribute?
A) Almeida
B) Albuquerque
C) Vasco da Gama
D) Francisco da Gama

135. Assertion (A): Portuguese authority weakened because Portugal was a small country.
Reason (R): Its limited population and resources had to sustain possessions in both Brazil and India.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

136. Which among the following best reflects Portuguese commercial policy in India?
A) Complete free trade for all merchants
B) Avoidance of sea routes
C) Non-interference in maritime trade
D) Monopoly through force and licensing

137. Which among the following was a major feature of Portuguese churches in India?
A) Woodwork and painted ceilings
B) Glass domes only
C) Iron roofing only
D) Buddhist murals

138. The Portuguese reached Mozambique before sailing to India during the expedition of:
A) Prince Henry
B) Vasco da Gama
C) Almeida
D) Albuquerque

139. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
D) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

140. Which among the following was one important reason behind Portuguese military reputation in India?
A) Dependence on elephants
B) Absence of firearms
C) Weak naval strategy
D) Superior artillery and musketry

141. Assertion (A): Portuguese settlers in India eventually became unpopular.
Reason (R): Many were viewed as cruel, domineering, and corrupt.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

142. Which among the following best describes the role of Prince Henry in Portuguese expansion?
A) He conquered Goa personally
B) He promoted navigation and maritime education
C) He defeated the Dutch in India
D) He established Mughal relations

143. Which among the following marked a symbolic end to Portuguese dominance in India?
A) Capture of Goa
B) Treaty of Tordesillas
C) Arrival of Vasco da Gama
D) Maratha capture of Bassein (1739)

144. Which among the following best explains Portuguese reliance on naval warfare?
A) Lack of maritime experience
B) Weak ship construction
C) Indian rulers prohibited trade
D) Limited capacity for large-scale land warfare

145. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

146. The Portuguese opened new markets for Indian trade in:
A) Russia and Japan only
B) Africa and Brazil
C) China and Tibet only
D) Persia and Arabia only

147. Assertion (A): Portuguese power in India began declining in the 17th century.
Reason (R): Competition from the Dutch and English weakened Portuguese supremacy.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

148. Which among the following correctly describes Portuguese vessels?
A) Small river boats without weapons
B) Ships suitable only for calm weather
C) Light vessels with weak structure
D) Strong multi-decked ships carrying heavy armament

149. Which among the following rulers’ reign saw Vasco da Gama’s arrival in India?
A) Manuel I (King Emmanuel of Portugal)
B) Philip II
C) John III
D) Sebastian I

150. Which among the following best summarizes the significance of the Portuguese in India?
A) They avoided maritime activity
B) They ended all foreign trade
C) They remained confined to inland politics only
D) They initiated European maritime dominance and reshaped trade, warfare, and culture

151. Assertion (A): The Portuguese arrival in India transformed patterns of warfare.
Reason (R): They introduced improved artillery, musketry, and organized infantry drilling.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

152. Which among the following Portuguese settlements remained the most important political centre in India?
A) Calicut
B) Cannanore
C) Diu
D) Goa

153. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
B) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

154. Which among the following factors most weakened Portuguese prestige in India?
A) Religious persecution and corruption
B) Strong Mughal naval attacks
C) Lack of maritime routes
D) Alliance with Arab merchants

155. Assertion (A): Portuguese naval supremacy depended upon control of sea routes.
Reason (R): Their commercial empire was sustained primarily through maritime dominance rather than territorial expansion.

A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

156. Which among the following places became associated with Portuguese influence in Bengal?
A) Dhaka
B) Hooghly
C) Murshidabad
D) Patna

157. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.

A) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
B) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
C) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
D) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

158. Which among the following best explains Portuguese hostility toward Indian Ocean competitors?
A) Religious neutrality
B) Desire to monopolize maritime trade
C) Fear of inland kingdoms
D) Lack of commercial ambitions

159. Assertion (A): Portuguese expansion in India was aided by political disunity among Indian rulers.
Reason (R): No single strong Indian power initially controlled the coasts effectively enough to stop them.

A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
C) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A).
D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

160. Which among the following is the most appropriate historical assessment of the Portuguese presence in India?
A) It had no long-term impact on Indian history.
B) It remained confined to religious activity only.
C) It completely replaced indigenous trade networks.
D) It marked the beginning of European political, commercial, and maritime intervention in India.