Social and economic conditions in South India from the sixth to the seventeenth century are the focus of the chapters, examining culture in literature, religion, and art.

The country was divided into territorial divisions like Kuntala, Andhra, Tondainad, Chola, Pandya, and Chera, each with its own traditions and habits.

Local patriotisms did not prevent the formation of larger political units, such as under the Chalukyas, Rashtrakūtas, Cholas, and Vijayanagar.

There is no reliable estimate of the population, as even the Cholas did not conduct a census, but foreign communities, such as Arabs, Jews, Persians, Chinese, Malayan, and later Portuguese and Europeans, were present in ports and capitals, especially Vijayanagar.

The majority of the population were Hindus organized in castes, with some connection between caste and occupation, though changes were common due to new factors and pressures.

Brahmins served in civil departments, army, and navy, with many Brahmin generals distinguishing themselves in battle. Krishnadeva Raya trusted them with strategic forts.

Forest and hill tribes were a significant recruiting source for the army, especially during wars.

Robbers often infested roads, and local disputes could lead to village attacks, but village heroes were noted for their bravery.

Conquests led to large-scale migration, particularly the influx of Telugus and Kannadigas into Tamil regions under Vijayanagar and the Hoysala empire. They likely came as officers or soldiers, often with land grants.

The king and court lived in extravagance and luxury, especially under the Rayas of Vijayanagar, in stark contrast to the common people.

The palace had a large establishment with seventy-two departments (similar to a temple), employing many women, including captives, concubines, and courtesans, often skilled in music and dance.