Social Problems

When a particular social phenomenon or condition disturbs the social order and hinders the smooth working of social institutions that come to be identified as a social problem. At the initial phase, such conditions are neglected since they do not have any serious adverse effects on the social system. But gradually, they get accumulated and begin to affect normal social life. Such a condition is recognized as a social problem. Once a social problem takes roots and develops beyond the bounds of tolerance, there arises resentment against it and there is a demand for remedy in the interest of social harmony. For example, the degradation of the soil in certain regions of Punjab and Haryana is being caused by the accepted methods of farming.

Social Problems in Indian Context

Social problems in India have changed with different historical phases. The major social problems in each of these phases reflect the then existing social norms and values. The major social problems in the early phase of the Indian civilization were increasing rigidity of social hierarchy, continuous conflicts between the Aryans and the Dasas, emphasis on the observance of rituals, the sacrifice of animals etc. With the advent of the Muslim rule in India, new social problems like sati, purdah, the introduction of caste system among the Muslims, etc. emerged. In the contemporary phase, India is facing several social problems. We have the problems of terrorism, violence, offences against women, children and minorities, unemployment, poverty, drug addiction, communalism, youth unrest, corruption, migration and displacement, environmental degradation, population explosion, prostitution, HIV/AIDS, etc. These problems are the result of various factors that include economic, political, legal, cultural as well as historical.

Definition of Social Problem

Social problems change with the passage of time. Let us highlight some of the eminent thinkers who have put forth in defining social problems but it is difficult to arrive at a commonly accepted definition.

1. According to Fuller and Myers, a social problem is “a condition which is defined by a considerable number of persons as a deviation from some social norms which they cherish”.
2. According to Merton and Nisbet define social problem as “a way of behaviour that is regarded by a substantial part of society as being in violation of one or more generally accepted or approved norms”.
3. According to Carr, “a social problem exists whenever we become conscious of a difficulty, a gap between our preference and the reality”.
4. According to Goddard, “Poverty is insufficient supply of those things which are requisite for an individual to maintain himself and those dependent upon him in his health and vigour”.