The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis – UGC NET History – Practice Questions

Vijayanagara Kingdom (1336 – 1672 CE)

1. The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in which year?
A) 1206 CE
B) 1290 CE
C) 1336 CE
D) 1526 CE

2. Who among the following founded the Vijayanagara Empire?
A) Krishnadeva Raya and Achyuta Raya
B) Harihara I and Bukka Raya I
C) Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II
D) Rama Raya and Tirumala

3. Harihara I and Bukka Raya I belonged to which dynasty?
A) Tuluva Dynasty
B) Saluva Dynasty
C) Sangama Dynasty
D) Aravidu Dynasty

4. The Vijayanagara Empire was mainly located in which region?
A) Indo-Gangetic Plains
B) North-West Frontier
C) Deccan Plateau region of South India
D) Eastern Himalayas

5. Harihara and Bukka established Vijayanagar on the banks of which river?
A) Godavari
B) Krishna
C) Tungabhadra
D) Kaveri

6. Guru Vidyaranya is associated with:
A) Battle of Talikota
B) Foundation of Vijayanagara Empire
C) Decline of Bahmani Kingdom
D) Rise of Cholas

7. The early rulers of Vijayanagara primarily followed:
A) Buddhism
B) Shaivism
C) Jainism
D) Sikhism

8. The family deity of Vijayanagara rulers was:
A) Vishnu
B) Krishna
C) Virupaksha
D) Kartikeya

9. Which region remained a constant area of conflict between Vijayanagara and Bahmani Kingdom?
A) Malwa Plateau
B) Raichur Doab
C) Bengal Delta
D) Punjab Plains

10. The Battle of Talikota took place in:
A) 1498
B) 1526
C) 1556
D) 1565

11. Which ruler’s reign ended the Vijayanagara Empire after the Battle of Talikota?
A) Krishnadeva Raya
B) Achyuta Deva Raya
C) Rama Raya
D) Sadasiva Raya

12. Sri Ranga III was the:
A) Founder of Vijayanagara Empire
B) Greatest ruler of Vijayanagara
C) First ruler of Sangama Dynasty
D) Last ruler of Vijayanagara

13. Harihara and Bukka had earlier served under which rulers?
A) Cholas of Tanjore
B) Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra
C) Kakatiya rulers of Warangal
D) Pallavas of Kanchi

14. The city of Vijayanagar was also called:
A) Devagiri
B) City of Victory
C) Rajamahendri
D) Amaravati

15. The Sangama dynasty ruled Vijayanagara approximately between:
A) 1206–1290 CE
B) 1290–1320 CE
C) 1336–1485 CE
D) 1505–1570 CE

16. Which Portuguese chronicler provided a detailed account of the rise of Vijayanagara power?
A) Duarte Barbosa
B) Domingos Paes
C) Fernao Nuniz
D) Nicolo Conti

17. According to records, Muhammad bin Tughlaq captured which fortress around 1336?
A) Golconda
B) Warangal
C) Anegundi
D) Bidar

18. Harihara I was also known as:
A) Aliya Rama Raya
B) Hakka or Vira Harihara
C) Bukkaraya
D) Narasa Nayaka

19. Harihara I built a fort at which western coastal location?
A) Calicut
B) Goa
C) Barkuru
D) Cochin

20. Harihara I assumed control of the Hoysala kingdom after the death of:
A) Ballala II
B) Vishnuvardhana
C) Veera Ballala III
D) Narasimha I

21. Which among the following titles was associated with Harihara I?
A) Andhra Bhoja
B) Alamgir
C) Karnataka Vidya Vilas
D) Ashvapati

22. Bukka Raya I patronized which Telugu poet?
A) Allasani Peddanna
B) Nachana Soma
C) Kumara Vyasa
D) Madhura

23. According to popular tradition, Harihara and Bukka belonged to which clan?
A) Rajput
B) Chalukya
C) Kuruba clan
D) Maratha

24. After the fall of Warangal, Harihara and Bukka were allegedly taken to:
A) Kabul
B) Agra
C) Delhi
D) Lahore

25. Harihara II ruled approximately during:
A) 1336–1356 CE
B) 1377–1406 CE
C) 1406–1422 CE
D) 1422–1446 CE

26. Harihara II patronized which famous Kannada poet?
A) Purandara Dasa
B) Kumara Vyasa
C) Madhura
D) Pampa

27. Which ruler was given the titles ‘Vedamarga Pravartak’ and ‘Vaidikamarga Sthapanacharya’?
A) Bukka Raya I
B) Deva Raya I
C) Harihara II
D) Achyuta Deva Raya

28. Deva Raya I emerged victorious after a succession struggle among the sons of:
A) Bukka Raya
B) Krishnadeva Raya
C) Harihara II
D) Rama Raya

29. Deva Raya I ruled approximately between:
A) 1377–1406 CE
B) 1406–1422 CE
C) 1422–1446 CE
D) 1509–1529 CE

30. Deva Raya I is particularly remembered for:
A) Maritime expansion only
B) Military capability and irrigation projects
C) Introduction of Persian administration
D) Promotion of Jainism

31. Deva Raya II ruled Vijayanagara approximately between:
A) 1377–1406 CE
B) 1406–1422 CE
C) 1422–1446 CE
D) 1542–1570 CE

32. Deva Raya II authored which Kannada work?
A) Amuktamalyada
B) Sobagina Sone
C) Maduravijayam
D) Manucharitam

33. Which Persian envoy visited Vijayanagara during the reign of Deva Raya II?
A) Ibn Battuta
B) Marco Polo
C) Abdur Razzaq
D) Barbosa

34. Who among the following admitted Muslims into the Vijayanagara army?
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Deva Raya II
D) Achyuta Raya

35. Lakkanna (Lakshmana) under Deva Raya II was associated with:
A) Temple architecture
B) Judicial reforms
C) Overseas commerce and southern sea lordship
D) Tax collection

36. Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagara during approximately:
A) 1336 CE
B) 1420 CE
C) 1509 CE
D) 1565 CE

37. Who succeeded Deva Raya II?
A) Krishnadeva Raya
B) Harihara II
C) Mallikarjuna
D) Vira Narasimha Raya

38. Virupaksha Raya II succeeded:
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Mallikarjuna Raya
D) Achyuta Raya

39. Which Saluva chief eventually deposed the Sangama ruler?
A) Narasa Nayaka
B) Timmarusu
C) Narasimha of Chandragiri
D) Salakam Timmu Raju

40. The overthrow of the Sangama dynasty is referred to as:
A) Battle of Raichur
B) Southern Revolt
C) First Usurpation
D) Nayaka Revolution

41. Match List I with List II regarding Vijayanagara rulers and contributions.

A) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

42. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers frequently clashed with the Bahmani kingdom.
Reason (R): The Raichur Doab was strategically and economically important.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

43. Assertion (A): Harihara and Bukka initially proclaimed themselves kings immediately after founding Vijayanagara.
Reason (R): Early inscriptions avoided royal claims initially.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not explanation.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) A is true, but R is false.

44. The Tuluva dynasty ruled Vijayanagara approximately between:
A) 1336–1485 CE
B) 1414–1451 CE
C) 1491–1570 CE
D) 1570–1646 CE

45. The most celebrated king of the Tuluva dynasty was:
A) Achyuta Raya
B) Rama Raya
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Sadasiva Raya

46. The original homeland of the Tuluva dynasty was:
A) Telangana region
B) Tamil country
C) Western Tulu-speaking region of Karnataka
D) Malwa region

47. Krishnadeva Raya’s father was:
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Tuluva Narasa Nayaka
D) Saluva Narasimha

48. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka is credited with victories over:
A) Portuguese and Arabs
B) Cholas and Cheras
C) Gajapatis and Muslim rulers
D) Pallavas and Rashtrakutas

49. Krishnadeva Raya composed which famous Telugu work?
A) Sobagina Sone
B) Mahanataka Sudhanidhi
C) Amuktamalyada
D) Maduravijayam

50. Krishnadeva Raya elevated which language as a royal language?
A) Kannada
B) Tamil
C) Telugu
D) Persian

51. The Tuluva rulers were mainly followers of:
A) Shaivism
B) Vaishnavism
C) Buddhism
D) Jainism

52. Krishnadeva Raya’s Kulaguru was:
A) Vidyaranya
B) Madhvacharya
C) Vyasatirtha
D) Ramanuja

53. Vira Narasimha Raya ruled Vijayanagara during:
A) 1336–1377 CE
B) 1422–1446 CE
C) 1505–1509 CE
D) 1542–1570 CE

54. According to legend, whom did Vira Narasimha Raya ask to blind Krishnadeva Raya?
A) Narasa Nayaka
B) Saluva Thimma (Thimmarasa)
C) Rama Raya
D) Vidyaranya

55. Krishnadeva Raya ruled approximately during:
A) 1422–1446 CE
B) 1491–1505 CE
C) 1509–1529 CE
D) 1529–1542 CE

56. Krishnadeva Raya was also known by which title?
A) Alamgir
B) Sikandar-i-Sani
C) Andhra Bhoja
D) Ghazi

57. Krishnadeva Raya was assisted by which capable Prime Minister?
A) Rama Raya
B) Salakam Timmu Raju
C) Timmarusu
D) Lakkanna

58. Achyuta Deva Raya succeeded:
A) Harihara I
B) Deva Raya II
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Sadasiva Raya

59. Fernao Nuniz stayed in Vijayanagara during whose reign?
A) Harihara II
B) Deva Raya I
C) Achyuta Deva Raya
D) Rama Raya

60. Sadasiva Raya came to power after the death of:
A) Deva Raya II
B) Krishnadeva Raya
C) Achyuta Deva Raya
D) Harihara II

61. Match List I with List II regarding rulers and periods.

A) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
D) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

62. Assertion (A): Krishnadeva Raya is regarded as one of the greatest rulers of South India.
Reason (R): Vijayanagara Empire reached the zenith of power during his reign.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

63. Assertion (A): The Tuluva rulers patronized only Telugu language.
Reason (R): Krishnadeva Raya issued inscriptions in Sanskrit, Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu.

A) Both A and R are true, and R explains A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not explanation.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) A is true, but R is false.

64. Which battle marked the decline of Vijayanagara power?
A) Battle of Panipat
B) Battle of Haldighati
C) Battle of Talikota
D) Battle of Khanwa

65. Rama Raya was defeated by the combined forces of:
A) Gujarat, Bengal, Malwa, Jaunpur
B) Mughals, Rajputs, Afghans, Marathas
C) Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golkonda, and Bidar
D) Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas, Hoysalas

66. The Vijayanagara military rivalry was primarily with:
A) Mughal Empire
B) Bahmani Sultanate
C) Delhi Sultanate only
D) Portuguese Empire

67. The Vijayanagara Empire maintained a strong:
A) Air force
B) Camel regiment
C) Navy
D) Missile corps

68. High-quality horses for Vijayanagara army were imported mainly from:
A) Tibet and Nepal
B) Sri Lanka and Burma
C) Arabia and Gulf countries
D) China and Japan

69. Which port region became important for horse trade?
A) Coromandel
B) Surat
C) Malabar
D) Kaveripattinam

70. Vijayanagara rulers hired Turkish and Portuguese experts mainly for:
A) Temple building
B) Trade negotiations
C) Training soldiers in firearms
D) Diplomacy

71. Who enlisted Muslim cavalrymen to train Hindu soldiers in archery?
A) Harihara II
B) Krishnadeva Raya
C) Deva Raya II
D) Bukka Raya I

72. Which of the following firearms were used in Vijayanagara warfare?
A) Cannons and rifles
B) Pistols and matchlocks
C) Artillery pieces
D) All of the above

73. The Vijayanagara army mainly consisted of:
A) Naval fleets only
B) Infantry and camels only
C) Infantry, cavalry, and war elephants
D) Archers only

74. According to Portuguese travellers, soldiers often wore:
A) Chain mail exclusively
B) Roman armour
C) Animal skin protective clothing and shields
D) No protection at all

75. Timmoju, associated with the Vijayanagara navy, assisted the Portuguese in occupying:
A) Calicut
B) Surat
C) Goa
D) Madurai

76. According to Nicolo Conti, Vijayanagara army strength under Krishnadeva Raya was around:
A) 50,000 troops
B) 100,000 troops
C) 245,000 troops
D) 700,000 troops

77. Match List I with List II regarding military features.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
D) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

78. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers paid little attention to military preparedness.
Reason (R): A large part of imperial revenue was devoted to military expenditure.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

79. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara forts were modified to adapt to firearms.
Reason (R): Thick walls and parapets for cannons were constructed.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

80. The amaranayaka system was mainly related to:
A) Temple administration
B) Judicial system
C) Military and administrative organization
D) Maritime trade

81. In the amaranayaka system, the military commander was known as:
A) Mansabdar
B) Zamindar
C) Nayaka
D) Jagirdar

82. The Nayakas maintained armies using revenue collected from:
A) Imperial treasury only
B) Trade guilds only
C) Their assigned territories
D) Religious taxes only

83. Nayakas were also responsible for maintaining:
A) Foreign embassies
B) Mint houses
C) Forts
D) Libraries only

84. Administrative divisions of Vijayanagara included:
A) Suba–Sarkar–Pargana
B) Iqta–Shiq–Pargana
C) Mandalam–Nadu–Sthala–Grama
D) Province–County–Village

85. Mandaleshwar or Nayaka served as governor of:
A) Nadu
B) Village
C) Mandalam
D) Temple town

86. Which of the following was a source of state revenue?
A) Land revenue
B) Customs duties at ports
C) Tribute from vassals
D) All of the above

87. Tax-free lands in Vijayanagara were known as:
A) Jagir
B) Inam
C) Manyams
D) Khalisa

88. A body of 12 village functionaries in Vijayanagara administration was called:
A) Panchayat
B) Sabha
C) Ayangars
D) Mahajana

89. Match List I with List II regarding administration.

A) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
B) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
C) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
D) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

90. Assertion (A): Nayakas strengthened the Vijayanagara Empire permanently.
Reason (R): Several Nayakas later became independent and weakened central authority.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

91. The Hindu caste system in Vijayanagara society was represented through:
A) Military councils
B) Local bodies of elders for each caste
C) Village governors only
D) Merchant guilds

92. The rulers of Vijayanagara were primarily devotees of:
A) Shiva exclusively
B) Vishnu, while practising religious tolerance
C) Buddha
D) Mahavira

93. According to Allasani Peddanna’s Manucharitam, Vijayanagara society included how many major varnas?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

94. Which Portuguese traveller mentioned slavery in Vijayanagara society?
A) Barbosa
B) Nuniz
C) Nicolo Conti
D) Domingos Paes

95. The family deity of the Sangama rulers was:
A) Vishnu
B) Krishna
C) Virupaksha
D) Ganesha

96. Which famous literary work was written by Gangadevi?
A) Amuktamalyada
B) Sobagina Sone
C) Maduravijayam
D) Mahanataka Sudhanidhi

97. Hannamma and Thirumalamma were known as:
A) Military commanders
B) Temple architects
C) Poets
D) Diplomats

98. According to Nuniz, royal palaces employed many women as:
A) Priests and judges
B) Warriors only
C) Dancers, domestic servants, and palanquin bearers
D) Merchants only

99. Early Vijayanagara rulers followed Shaivism but later came under the influence of:
A) Jainism
B) Islam
C) Vaishnavism
D) Sikhism

100. Ramanuja’s school that gained popularity in Vijayanagara was:
A) Advaita
B) Vishishtadvaita
C) Srivaishnavism
D) Dvaita

101. Match List I with List II regarding social and religious aspects.

A) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

102. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers followed complete religious intolerance.
Reason (R): Muslims were employed in administration and allowed to construct mosques.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

103. Assertion (A): Women had no role in Vijayanagara society.
Reason (R): Women participated in literary, political, and social life.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

104. Foreign travellers described the standard of living of upper classes in Vijayanagara as:
A) Miserable
B) Moderate
C) Highly prosperous and luxurious
D) Primitive

105. One major weakness of Vijayanagara economy was:
A) Lack of ports
B) Absence of trade
C) Heavy taxation burden on common people
D) Scarcity of agriculture

106. The rise of Vijayanagara contributed to:
A) Economic collapse
B) Isolation from foreign powers
C) Revitalization of Indian economy
D) End of maritime trade

107. Harihara I ordered establishment of mints mainly to:
A) Spread religion
B) Control temples
C) Solve shortage of foreign currency
D) Recruit soldiers

108. Which of the following industries flourished in Vijayanagara?
A) Textile industry
B) Mining and metallurgy
C) Perfumery
D) All of the above

109. Guilds in Vijayanagara mainly regulated:
A) Temple worship only
B) Military recruitment
C) Industries and crafts
D) Village disputes

110. According to Abdur Razzaq, Vijayanagara kingdom possessed approximately how many seaports?
A) 50
B) 100
C) 300
D) 500

111. The most important commercial area on the western coast was:
A) Goa
B) Coromandel
C) Malabar
D) Konkan

112. Vijayanagara maintained trade relations with:
A) China and Malay Archipelago
B) Arabia and Persia
C) Portugal and Africa
D) All of the above

113. Which among the following was a major export of Vijayanagara?
A) Horses
B) Copper
C) Rice, cloth, and spices
D) Coral

114. Which among the following was a major import of Vijayanagara?
A) Sugarcane
B) Iron
C) Horses and pearls
D) Rice

115. Ships in Vijayanagara trade were mainly used for:
A) Religious pilgrimage only
B) Inland trade only
C) Coastal and international trade
D) Military activity only

116. Match List I with List II regarding economy and trade.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
D) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

117. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara agriculture was neglected by rulers.
Reason (R): Irrigation projects and dams were encouraged to improve production.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

118. Assertion (A): Trade was an important source of prosperity in Vijayanagara.
Reason (R): Inland, coastal, and overseas trade flourished.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

119. Temples in Vijayanagara emerged as:
A) Military camps
B) Judicial courts only
C) Significant landholders and economic centres
D) Tax offices only

120. Villages granted to temple deities were known as:
A) Jagirs
B) Khalisa villages
C) Devadana villages
D) Manyams

121. Temple income was used for:
A) Ritual functionaries
B) Food offerings
C) Purchase of ritual goods
D) All of the above

122. Temples in Vijayanagara also acted as:
A) Political assemblies only
B) Military academies
C) Banking and economic institutions
D) Naval bases

123. Mahalingam refers to an inscription mentioning a temple with how many servants?
A) 100
B) 250
C) 370
D) 500

124. Cash endowments to Tirupati temple were reinvested in:
A) Textile trade
B) Naval expansion
C) Irrigation works
D) Coin minting

125. Commercial loans by Srirangam temple were advanced to:
A) Arab traders only
B) Portuguese officials
C) Business firms of Trichnopoly
D) Village soldiers

126. Muslim merchants controlled:
A) Village administration
B) Temple economy
C) Overseas trade
D) Agriculture

127. Muslim merchants returning from the Red Sea were often provided by the king with:
A) A palace
B) Military fortresses
C) Nayar bodyguard, Chetti accountant, and broker
D) Temple grants

128. Horse trade was dominated first by:
A) Portuguese only
B) Chinese merchants
C) Arabs and later Portuguese
D) Vijayanagara kings

129. Goa became important in supplying horses to:
A) Bengal Sultanate only
B) Mughal Empire only
C) Vijayanagara and Deccan Sultanates
D) Sri Lanka only

130. According to Nuniz, the richest diamond mines of Vijayanagara were located mainly near:
A) Godavari River
B) Kaveri River
C) Krishna River
D) Narmada River

131. Match List I with List II regarding temple economy and trade.

A) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
D) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

132. Assertion (A): Temples played only religious roles in Vijayanagara.
Reason (R): Temples also functioned as economic centres and banks.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

133. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara had no connection with international trade.
Reason (R): It maintained commercial links with China, Arabia, and Portugal.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

134. The establishment of Vijayanagara filled the political vacuum in:
A) North India
B) Eastern India
C) Southern India
D) Western India

135. Vijayanagara rulers especially promoted:
A) Islamic architecture
B) Buddhist monastic culture
C) Hindu religion and culture
D) Christian institutions

136. The Vijayanagara Empire had a strict social hierarchy based on:
A) Wealth only
B) Military rank only
C) Caste system
D) Religion only

137. Which caste occupied the highest place in Vijayanagara society?
A) Kshatriyas
B) Vaishyas
C) Brahmins
D) Shudras

138. One unique aspect of Vijayanagara society was:
A) Complete abolition of caste system
B) No military participation by lower castes
C) Lower castes could distinguish themselves through military service
D) Ban on trade by women

139. Wealthy men and women in Vijayanagara commonly adorned themselves with:
A) Wool garments only
B) Wooden ornaments
C) Jewellery such as bracelets, necklaces, and anklets
D) Iron armour

140. Physical fitness in Vijayanagara culture was promoted through:
A) Yoga only
B) Archery competitions only
C) Sports and gymnasiums
D) Religious fasting

141. Which of the following was a common form of entertainment?
A) Polo
B) Horse racing
C) Cockfighting
D) Wrestling with animals

142. Women in Vijayanagara had opportunities in:
A) Administration
B) Trade
C) Literature and arts
D) All of the above

143. Kannada, Telugu, and Tamil were widely spoken in:
A) Entire India
B) Only military camps
C) Their respective areas of influence
D) Temple schools only

144. More than how many inscriptions (Shasana) have been recovered from Vijayanagara period?
A) 2,000
B) 5,000
C) 7,000
D) 10,000

145. Copper plate inscriptions of Vijayanagara are called:
A) Rajatarashasana
B) Lekhapaddhati
C) Tamarashasana
D) Prashasti

146. The Vijayanagara period is particularly associated with the origin of:
A) Hindustani music
B) Dhrupad tradition
C) Carnatic music
D) Ghazal tradition

147. Purandara Dasa is associated with the development of:
A) Bharatanatyam
B) Yakshagana
C) Rudraveena tradition
D) Kathak

148. Which dance form flourished during Vijayanagara period?
A) Kathakali
B) Odissi
C) Bharatanatyam
D) Manipuri

149. Yakshagana in Vijayanagara was mainly a:
A) Martial art
B) Religious sect
C) Dance drama associated with temples
D) Tax collection system

150. Themes depicted on Vijayanagara temple walls were mainly from:
A) Vedas only
B) Buddhist texts
C) Ramayana and Mahabharata
D) Persian epics

151. Match List I with List II regarding culture and arts.

A) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
D) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

152. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara culture discouraged women’s participation in public life.
Reason (R): Women participated in government administration, literature, and trade.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

153. Assertion (A): Brahmins played an important role in judicial positions during Vijayanagara period.
Reason (R): They often acted as religious scholars and writers.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

154. Vijayanagara architecture was strongly influenced by:
A) Gothic style
B) Persian style only
C) Dravidian temple architecture
D) Mughal style only

155. The location of Vijayanagara is believed to have been inspired by shrines of:
A) Tirupati and Madurai
B) Kanchipuram and Chidambaram
C) Virupaksha and Pampadevi
D) Meenakshi and Vishnu

156. Vijayanagara rulers introduced the practice of inscribing stories from Ramayana and Mahabharata on:
A) Coins
B) Court records
C) Temple walls
D) Military camps

157. The Vitthala Temple was originally built during the reign of:
A) Harihara I
B) Krishnadeva Raya
C) Deva Raya II
D) Achyuta Raya

158. The Vitthala Temple was later expanded significantly by:
A) Rama Raya
B) Harihara II
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Bukka Raya I

159. A defining feature of Vijayanagara architecture was:
A) Small domes only
B) Underground temples
C) Tall Raya Gopurams and Kalyana Mandapas
D) Minarets only

160. Kalyana Mandapas in Vijayanagara temples were mainly used for:
A) Tax collection
B) Army meetings
C) Seating deities during festivals
D) Judicial proceedings

161. Which temples in Kanchipuram are examples of Vijayanagara architecture?
A) Brihadeshwara and Airavatesvara
B) Kailasanatha and Shore Temple
C) Varadharaja and Ekamparanatha temples
D) Jagannath and Konark temples

162. Krishnadeva Raya named a suburb near Vijayanagara after:
A) His queen
B) His father
C) His mother, Nagala Devi
D) His guru

163. Vijayanagara secular architecture incorporated elements of:
A) Roman architecture
B) Chinese architecture
C) Indo-Islamic architecture
D) Greek architecture

164. Which of the following secular structures reflects Indo-Islamic influence?
A) Hazara Rama Temple
B) Virupaksha Temple
C) Queen’s Bath and Elephant Stables
D) Tirupati Temple

165. Match List I with List II regarding architecture.

A) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
D) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

166. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara architecture remained completely isolated from foreign influence.
Reason (R): Secular structures incorporated Indo-Islamic architectural elements.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

167. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers encouraged temple construction and expansion.
Reason (R): Tall gopurams and mandapas became important features during their reign.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

168. Ibn Battuta visited Vijayanagara during the reign of:
A) Bukka Raya I
B) Harihara I
C) Deva Raya II
D) Krishnadeva Raya

169. Ibn Battuta was a traveller from:
A) Persia
B) Portugal
C) Morocco
D) Venice

170. Nicolo Conti was a:
A) Persian envoy
B) Portuguese trader
C) Venetian traveller
D) Arab merchant

171. Abdur Razzaq visited Vijayanagara during:
A) Harihara I’s reign
B) Krishnadeva Raya’s reign
C) Deva Raya II’s reign
D) Rama Raya’s reign

172. Duarte Barbosa was a traveller from:
A) Persia
B) Morocco
C) Portugal
D) Venice

173. Domingos Paes visited the court of:
A) Harihara II
B) Achyuta Deva Raya
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Rama Raya

174. Fernao Nuniz was primarily a:
A) Persian ambassador
B) Military commander
C) Portuguese merchant and chronicler
D) Arab sailor

175. Fernao Nuniz wrote the history of Vijayanagara up to the reign of:
A) Krishnadeva Raya only
B) Harihara I
C) Achyuta Deva Raya
D) Sadasiva Raya

176. Match List I with List II regarding foreign visitors.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
C) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
D) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

177. Assertion (A): Foreign travellers left valuable accounts of Vijayanagara society and administration.
Reason (R): Most historical knowledge about Vijayanagara comes partly from their observations.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

178. Assertion (A): Abdur Razzaq described Vijayanagara as poor and insignificant.
Reason (R): He praised the wealth and luxurious lifestyle of nobles.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

179. The alliance against Vijayanagara in 1565 was mainly encouraged by:
A) Portuguese rulers
B) Chola kings
C) Sultans of Golconda and Ahmadnagar
D) Rajput confederacy

180. The defeat at Talikota resulted in:
A) Mughal conquest of South India
B) Expansion of Vijayanagara power
C) Sack and destruction of much of Vijayanagara city
D) Rise of Pallavas

181. Rama Raya was captured and killed after the:
A) Battle of Panipat
B) Battle of Khanwa
C) Battle of Talikota
D) Battle of Raichur

182. After the Battle of Talikota, who escaped with the royal treasure?
A) Krishnadeva Raya
B) Achyuta Deva Raya
C) Tirumala
D) Sadasiva Raya

183. Which dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of Vijayanagara?
A) Tuluva
B) Saluva
C) Sangama
D) Aravidu

184. The Sangama dynasty derived its name from:
A) A sacred river
B) A temple town
C) Bhavana Sangama, father of Harihara and Bukka
D) A military title

185. The Vijayanagara rulers attempted to control Malabar mainly because of:
A) Religious importance
B) Gold reserves
C) Horse and luxury trade
D) Diamond mines

186. Which among the following rulers suffered setbacks against the Bahmani Sultanate?
A) Harihara II
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Deva Raya I
D) Achyuta Raya

187. Deva Raya II appointed Lakkanna to supervise:
A) Agriculture
B) Temple construction
C) Overseas commerce
D) Coinage

188. The ruler who became de facto head during Sadasiva Raya’s reign was:
A) Timmarusu
B) Narasa Nayaka
C) Aliya Rama Raya
D) Harihara II

189. Krishnadeva Raya belonged to which dynasty?
A) Sangama
B) Saluva
C) Tuluva
D) Aravidu

190. Which ruler is remembered as the greatest king of Vijayanagara?
A) Harihara I
B) Deva Raya II
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Rama Raya

191. Match List I with List II regarding Vijayanagara dynasties.

A) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

192. Assertion (A): Krishnadeva Raya remained linguistically neutral.
Reason (R): He patronized Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

193. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers depended only on locally bred horses.
Reason (R): High-quality horses were imported from Arabia and Gulf regions.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

194. Which Bahmani region was frequently contested with Vijayanagara?
A) Bengal Delta
B) Kashmir Valley
C) Tungabhadra–Krishna Doab
D) Malwa Plateau

195. Which of the following travellers gave an account of Vijayanagara in 1443–44?
A) Nicolo Conti
B) Ibn Battuta
C) Abdur Razzaq
D) Barbosa

196. The rulers of Vijayanagara used firearms with assistance from:
A) Mongols and Persians
B) Arabs and Chinese
C) Turkish and Portuguese experts
D) Rajputs and Afghans

197. Which ruler was referred to as ‘fire to enemy kings’?
A) Bukka Raya I
B) Harihara I
C) Deva Raya I
D) Achyuta Raya

198. The chief feature of Vijayanagara military administration was:
A) Iqta system
B) Mansabdari system
C) Amaranayaka system
D) Jagirdari system

199. The Nayakas maintained troops in return for:
A) Salaries from treasury
B) Temple grants only
C) Land assignments (Amaram)
D) Foreign aid

200. Vijayanagara rulers imported horses mainly because:
A) Elephants were unavailable
B) Indian rulers disliked cavalry
C) Good horses were not bred in India
D) Arab horses were cheaper

201. Match List I with List II regarding military and administration.

A) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
B) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
C) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
D) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

202. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara had little interest in artillery.
Reason (R): Cannons and firearms were unknown to them.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

203. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers maintained a centralized polity.
Reason (R): The empire possessed a large standing army and strong navy.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

204. Which source mentions dam construction and canal excavation in Vijayanagara?
A) Abdur Razzaq
B) Domingos Paes
C) Nuniz
D) Barbosa

205. Perfumery was an important industry in:
A) Mauryan Empire
B) Delhi Sultanate
C) Vijayanagara Empire
D) Gupta Empire

206. According to Abdur Razzaq, shops of same guilds were:
A) Randomly scattered
B) Restricted by king
C) Located close to one another
D) Built outside city walls

207. Which among the following was NOT a major import?
A) Copper
B) Coral
C) Rice
D) China silk

208. The art of shipbuilding in Vijayanagara was:
A) Completely absent
B) Restricted to military
C) Known, though ocean-going ships are uncertain
D) Borrowed entirely from Portuguese

209. Duarte Barbosa mentioned ships of South India were built in:
A) Sri Lanka
B) Gujarat
C) Maldives
D) Arabia

210. The Persian Gulf and Ceylon were famous for supplying:
A) Rice
B) Sugar
C) Pearls
D) Horses

211. Match List I with List II regarding trade and industries.

A) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
D) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

212. Assertion (A): Agriculture was neglected in Vijayanagara economy.
Reason (R): Irrigation and agricultural expansion were state priorities.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

213. Assertion (A): Guilds played no role in Vijayanagara economy.
Reason (R): Industries and crafts were regulated by guilds.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

214. Which religious philosophy of Madhava was followed in Vijayanagara?
A) Advaita
B) Vishishtadvaita
C) Dvaita
D) Charvaka

215. Which caste was generally associated with judicial and scholarly functions?
A) Shudras
B) Vaishyas
C) Brahmins
D) Kshatriyas

216. Which traveller mentioned luxurious homes and slavery?
A) Barbosa
B) Nuniz
C) Nicolo Conti
D) Paes

217. Which among the following women wrote Maduravijayam?
A) Hannamma
B) Thirumalamma
C) Gangadevi
D) Devaki

218. Which literary source mentions four castes in Vijayanagara society?
A) Amuktamalyada
B) Sobagina Sone
C) Manucharitam
D) Rajatarangini

219. Silk turbans adorned with gold were mainly worn by:
A) Peasants
B) Temple servants
C) Men of wealth and nobles
D) Foreign travellers

220. Vijayanagara society promoted sports mainly because:
A) Religious beliefs prohibited war
B) Kings loved entertainment only
C) Physical fitness was culturally valued
D) Agriculture required strength

221. Match List I with List II regarding social life.

A) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

222. Assertion (A): Women enjoyed no intellectual role in Vijayanagara society.
Reason (R): Learned women such as Gangadevi and Thirumalamma existed.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

223. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers promoted only Shaivism.
Reason (R): Vaishnavism and multiple traditions flourished simultaneously.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

224. Which temple contains portrait sculptures of Krishnadeva Raya and his queens?
A) Virupaksha Temple
B) Hazara Rama Temple
C) Tirumala Temple
D) Vitthala Temple

225. The famous work Amuktamalyada deals primarily with:
A) Military science
B) Temple rituals
C) Statecraft
D) Trade policy

226. Krishnadeva Raya was called ‘Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana’ because of his:
A) Military defeats
B) Portuguese alliances
C) Cultural and political influence in Karnataka
D) Patronage of Persian scholars

227. Which architectural feature became a hallmark of Vijayanagara temples?
A) Stupas
B) Minars
C) Raya Gopurams
D) Barrel vaults

228. The Hazara Rama Temple is famous for:
A) Buddhist sculptures
B) Persian calligraphy
C) Ramayana depictions on temple walls
D) Islamic arches only

229. Which among the following best describes Vijayanagara architecture?
A) Purely Islamic style
B) Completely Buddhist style
C) Predominantly Dravidian with Indo-Islamic influences
D) Greek-Roman style

230. The Virupaksha Temple is located at:
A) Tirupati
B) Kanchipuram
C) Hampi
D) Madurai

231. Match List I with List II regarding architecture and culture.

A) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3

232. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers preserved Dravidian architecture in South India.
Reason (R): They heavily patronized temple building and expansion.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

233. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara temple walls frequently depicted epics.
Reason (R): Ramayana and Mahabharata themes were popular in temple art.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

234. Which traveller visited Vijayanagara between 1500–1516 CE?
A) Ibn Battuta
B) Nicolo Conti
C) Duarte Barbosa
D) Abdur Razzaq

235. The Moroccan traveller associated with Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign was:
A) Nuniz
B) Barbosa
C) Ibn Battuta
D) Conti

236. Domingos Paes visited Vijayanagara during the reign of:
A) Achyuta Raya
B) Harihara II
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Deva Raya II

237. Fernao Nuniz stayed in Vijayanagara approximately during:
A) 1420–1421 CE
B) 1443–1444 CE
C) 1534–1537 CE
D) 1333–1347 CE

238. Which traveller provided a detailed account of Vijayanagara city and wealth?
A) Ibn Battuta
B) Domingos Paes
C) Abdur Razzaq
D) Marco Polo

239. Which foreign visitor was also a horse trader?
A) Nicolo Conti
B) Ibn Battuta
C) Fernao Nuniz
D) Abdur Razzaq

240. The Vijayanagara Empire finally declined because of:
A) Portuguese invasion
B) Mughal conquest
C) Combined Deccan Sultanate alliance and Talikota defeat
D) Chola resurgence

241. Match List I with List II regarding foreign travellers.

A) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

242. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara’s decline began before Talikota.
Reason (R): Internal weakness and Nayaka assertions had weakened central authority.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

243. Assertion (A): Talikota ended Vijayanagara’s prestige permanently.
Reason (R): The city was plundered and much of it destroyed afterward.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

244. The fertile region between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers was called:
A) Marathwada
B) Coromandel
C) Raichur Doab
D) Konkan

245. Which among the following was a major rival of Vijayanagara in the south?
A) Bahmani Sultanate
B) Golconda
C) Sultanate of Madurai
D) Bengal Sultanate

246. The Vijayanagara Empire is also known as:
A) Chola Kingdom
B) Andhra Kingdom
C) Karnata Kingdom
D) Pallava Kingdom

247. Harihara and Bukka are believed to have belonged to a pastoralist:
A) Rajput community
B) Brahmin sect
C) Cowherd community with Yadava ancestry
D) Merchant guild

248. Which dynasty immediately followed the Sangama dynasty?
A) Tuluva
B) Saluva
C) Aravidu
D) Chalukya

249. Saluva Narasimha seized power around:
A) 1336 CE
B) 1422 CE
C) 1480 CE
D) 1565 CE

250. The rise of Saluva Narasimha is often described as:
A) Second Battle of Panipat
B) Temple revolution
C) First Usurpation
D) Nayaka revolt

251. Match List I with List II regarding political developments.

A) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2

252. Assertion (A): Harihara and Bukka initially worked under Kakatiya rulers.
Reason (R): They had earlier served the rulers of Warangal.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

253. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara rulers neglected overseas commerce.
Reason (R): Lakkanna supervised southern sea trade under Deva Raya II.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

254. Which ruler wrote Sobagina Sone and Amaruka?
A) Harihara II
B) Krishnadeva Raya
C) Deva Raya II
D) Bukka Raya I

255. The Sanskrit work Mahanataka Sudhanidhi is associated with:
A) Bukka Raya I
B) Achyuta Raya
C) Deva Raya II
D) Rama Raya

256. Which ruler was known as ‘Vedamarga Pravartak’?
A) Harihara I
B) Deva Raya I
C) Harihara II
D) Krishnadeva Raya

257. Harihara II mainly ruled from:
A) Madurai
B) Vijayanagara city
C) Hampi region
D) Chandragiri

258. Ruins of Harihara II’s palace are found at:
A) Goa
B) Tirupati
C) Hampi
D) Warangal

259. Vira-Vijaya succeeded:
A) Harihara II
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Deva Raya I
D) Krishnadeva Raya

260. According to Nuniz, Vira-Vijaya ruled for approximately:
A) Two years
B) Four years
C) Six years
D) Ten years

261. Match List I with List II regarding Sangama rulers.

A) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
D) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

262. Assertion (A): Deva Raya II was a weak ruler of Sangama dynasty.
Reason (R): He was regarded as the most powerful ruler of the dynasty.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

263. Assertion (A): Harihara I controlled parts of Hoysala kingdom before full authority.
Reason (R): He took over after the death of Veera Ballala III.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

264. The title ‘Andhra Bhoja’ is associated with:
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Rama Raya

265. Timmarusu played an important role in:
A) Temple destruction
B) Portuguese trade
C) Coronation of Krishnadeva Raya
D) Talikota alliance

266. Krishnadeva Raya regarded Timmarusu as a:
A) Rival
B) Priest
C) Father figure
D) Commander only

267. Fernao Nuniz portrayed Achyuta Deva Raya as:
A) Ideal administrator only
B) Scholar king only
C) Given to vices and cruelty
D) Military genius only

268. Despite criticism, evidence suggests Achyuta Deva Raya:
A) Lost the kingdom immediately
B) Ignored governance
C) Tried to preserve prosperity of the empire
D) Converted to Islam

269. Aliya Rama Raya was related to Krishnadeva Raya as:
A) Brother
B) Son
C) Son-in-law
D) Cousin

270. Sadasiva Raya became ruler with the support of:
A) Portuguese traders
B) Bahmani Sultan
C) Rama Raya
D) Saluva Narasimha

271. Match List I with List II regarding later Vijayanagara rulers.

A) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
B) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
C) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
D) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

272. Assertion (A): Krishnadeva Raya personally selected Achyuta Deva Raya as successor.
Reason (R): Achyuta was Krishnadeva Raya’s younger brother.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

273. Assertion (A): Rama Raya remained only a ceremonial figure during Sadasiva Raya’s reign.
Reason (R): He gradually became the de facto ruler of Vijayanagara.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

274. The administrative head of a Mandalam was called:
A) Ayangar
B) Poligar
C) Mandaleshwar or Nayaka
D) Deshmukh

275. Which of the following could Nayakas do in their territory?
A) Mint small denomination coins
B) Impose or repeal taxes
C) Maintain troops
D) All of the above

276. Which revenue source was important for Vijayanagara state?
A) Customs at ports
B) Land revenue
C) Tribute from vassals
D) All of the above

277. Nayaks/Poligars received land grants known as:
A) Devadana
B) Manyam
C) Amaram
D) Jagir

278. The highest-ranking military officers under Nayankara system were called:
A) Iqtadars
B) Mansabdars
C) Nayaks/Poligars
D) Zamindars

279. Which body administered village affairs in Vijayanagara?
A) Sabha
B) Mahasabha
C) Ayangars
D) Ulema

280. The Vijayanagara army consisted of:
A) Infantry and elephants only
B) Cavalry and navy only
C) Cavalry, infantry, artillery, and elephants
D) Naval fleets only

281. Match List I with List II regarding administration.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
D) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

282. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara kings had limited powers in governance.
Reason (R): The king exercised executive, judicial, and legislative authority.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

283. Assertion (A): The Vijayanagara throne was hereditary.
Reason (R): Succession generally followed dynastic lineage.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

284. Which of the following best describes Vijayanagara’s economy?
A) Isolated and stagnant
B) Based only on temple grants
C) Prosperous, diversified, and trade-oriented
D) Dependent only on agriculture

285. The Vijayanagara Empire was considered among the richest states in the world mainly during:
A) 8th–10th centuries
B) 11th–12th centuries
C) 15th–16th centuries
D) 17th–18th centuries

286. Which Portuguese traveller referred to construction of dams and canals?
A) Barbosa
B) Paes
C) Nuniz
D) Conti

287. The guild system in Vijayanagara implied:
A) State monopoly over all industries
B) Temple monopoly over trade
C) Occupational organization of artisans and merchants
D) Military organization of villages

288. Vijayanagara’s contact with Portugal became stronger because of:
A) Religious conversion
B) Mughal invasions
C) Maritime trade and horse imports
D) Buddhist exchanges

289. Which among the following was exported from Vijayanagara?
A) Coral
B) Mercury
C) Saltpetre and sugar
D) Chinese silk

290. Which among the following was imported into Vijayanagara?
A) Iron
B) Sugarcane
C) Mercury and velvet
D) Rice

291. Match List I with List II regarding trade.

A) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
D) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

292. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara had no international commercial relations.
Reason (R): The empire traded with China, Persia, Arabia, and Portugal.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

293. Assertion (A): Temples in Vijayanagara acted only as religious centres.
Reason (R): They functioned as landowners, banks, and employers.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

294. Which temple received major cash endowments reinvested into irrigation?
A) Virupaksha Temple
B) Vitthala Temple
C) Tirupati Temple
D) Hazara Rama Temple

295. The Srirangam Temple advanced commercial loans mainly to firms in:
A) Goa
B) Calicut
C) Trichnopoly
D) Madurai

296. Mahalingam referred to an inscription mentioning a temple with:
A) 170 servants
B) 250 servants
C) 370 servants
D) 700 servants

297. Which of the following best reflects Vijayanagara’s temple economy?
A) Temples avoided financial activity
B) Temples only collected donations
C) Temples acted as economic institutions with trusts and loans
D) Temples had no irrigation role

298. Muslim merchants in Vijayanagara overseas trade received:
A) Military titles only
B) Temple offices
C) Preferential treatment from rulers
D) Land tax exemptions only

299. A Muslim merchant obtained royal monopoly over pearl fisheries at:
A) Goa
B) Malabar
C) Kayal
D) Surat

300. Vijayanagara exported which precious commodity according to Nuniz?
A) Gold
B) Ivory
C) Diamonds
D) Coral

301. Match List I with List II regarding temple economy and overseas trade.

A) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
B) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
D) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

302. Assertion (A): Horse importation was unnecessary for Vijayanagara rulers.
Reason (R): Good horses were not bred in India.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

303. Assertion (A): Muslim merchants had little influence in Vijayanagara trade.
Reason (R): They controlled much of overseas commerce and received privileges.

A) Both A and R are true.
B) A is true, but R is false.
C) A is false, but R is true.
D) Both A and R are false.

304. Which among the following was a major contribution of Vijayanagara rulers?
A) Preservation of Dravidian temple architecture
B) Patronage of literature and music
C) Promotion of Hindu culture
D) All of the above

305. The Vijayanagara Empire played an important role in preserving:
A) Gothic architecture
B) Persian literature only
C) South Indian Hindu cultural traditions
D) Mongol military institutions

306. Which ruler is most associated with the golden age of Vijayanagara?
A) Harihara I
B) Bukka Raya I
C) Krishnadeva Raya
D) Sadasiva Raya

307. Which event is regarded as the symbolic turning point in Vijayanagara decline?
A) Foundation of Bahmani kingdom
B) Arrival of Portuguese
C) Battle of Talikota (1565)
D) Death of Harihara I

308. Vijayanagara rulers significantly patronized:
A) Carnatic music
B) Temple architecture
C) Literature in multiple languages
D) All of the above

309. Which statement best summarizes the Vijayanagara Empire?
A) A short-lived kingdom with no cultural role
B) A maritime empire dependent only on trade
C) A powerful South Indian empire known for military strength, cultural achievements, and temple architecture
D) A Mughal subordinate state

310. Assertion (A): Vijayanagara left a lasting imprint on South Indian history.
Reason (R): Its contributions extended to administration, religion, economy, architecture, literature, and culture.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the explanation.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.