1. Assertion (A): Truth is presupposed in every act of inquiry.
Reason (R): Even the denial of truth relies upon the concept of truth itself.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Answer: A

2. Assertion (A): Truth is an abstract and basic concept.
Reason (R): It cannot be analyzed in terms of more fundamental concepts.
A. Both A and R are true and R explains A
B. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Answer: A

3. Which of the following best explains why truth is difficult to define?
A. It is culturally relative
B. It presupposes itself in inquiry
C. It depends on power
D. It is purely linguistic
Answer: B

4. Assertion (A): Knowledge necessarily implies truth.
Reason (R): A false belief cannot qualify as knowledge.
A. Both A and R are true and R explains A
B. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Answer: A

5. Which philosophical position holds that certainty is a necessary condition for knowledge?
A. Pragmatism
B. Skepticism
C. Rigorous foundationalism
D. Deflationism
Answer: C

6. Assertion (A): If certainty is unattainable, knowledge becomes impossible.
Reason (R): Knowledge excludes all forms of falsity.
A. Both A and R are true and R explains A
B. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
C. A is false but R is true
D. Both A and R are false
Answer: C

7. Skepticism primarily challenges which relation?
A. Belief–language
B. Belief–reality
C. Language–power
D. Knowledge–utility
Answer: B

8. Assertion (A): A certain degree of doubt is necessary for inquiry.
Reason (R): Doubt motivates the search for truth.
A. Both A and R are true and R explains A
B. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Answer: A

9. Which of the following best represents ordinary human practice?
A. Radical skepticism
B. Methodological doubt
C. Practical belief
D. Absolute certainty
Answer: C

10. Theories of truth primarily deal with:
A. Moral values
B. Linguistic rules
C. Propositions and beliefs
D. Social conventions
Answer: C