1. The Greek City-State: Democratic Institutions in Athens 2. Plato (427–347 bce): Justice and Reason 3. Aristotle (384–322 bce): Moral Action and the Best Constitution 4. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas: Christian Political Thought in the Middle Ages 5. Machiavelli (1469–1527): Humanism and Republicanism 6. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): Contract as the Basis of Political Obligation 7. John Locke (1632–1704): Theological Premises and Liberal Limits on Government 8. Rousseau (1712–1778): The General Will and Moral and Political Liberty 9. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832): Representative Government as the Maximizer of Utility 10. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): The Benefits of the Liberty of Men and Women for Society 11. G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831): The Social Conditions for a Non-Contractual Theory of Freedom 12. Karl Marx (1818–1883): The State and Class Struggle 13. Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937): Hegemony in Civil Society as a Basis of the Modern State 14. John Rawls (1921–2002): A Liberal Egalitarian Theory of Justice 15. Carole Pateman, Martha C. Nussbaum, Judith Butler: Contemporary Feminist Theory
