1. Positive liberalism does not believe in (JUNE 2012)

1. Welfare state
2. Nanny state
3. States as a moral agency
4. Minimal states

Answer: 4

Explanation: Positive liberalism emerged in response to the flaws of classical liberalism, particularly its minimal state approach which often left the proletariat marginalized in a capitalist economy. Advocating for a proactive state role, positive liberalism sees the government as an essential agent for promoting public welfare, equality, and moral values. This ideology supports an interventionist government that regulates social and economic activities to ensure fair resource distribution and protect the underprivileged. Positive liberals champion the welfare state, emphasizing policies that enhance education, healthcare, and protective labor laws. The state is also viewed as a moral guide to instill ethical standards in society, fostering a collaborative relationship between individuals and the government for the benefit of all.

2. Which one of the following is not a factor, for Fukuyama, leading to the triumph of liberal democracy? (JUNE 2015)

1. The struggle for ‘recognition’
2. The ‘logic of science’ mastery over nature
3. The absence of ‘major contradictions’ in democracy
4. The triumph of ideologies

Answer: 4

Explanation: For Fukuyama, the triumph of democracy isn’t solely attributed to ideologies but rather to the victory of liberal democracy. In his book “The End of History and the Last Man,” Fukuyama declares the end of ideological conflicts and heralds the dominance of liberal. democracy in the post-ideological world. He argues that Western liberal democracy emerged victorious in this global ideological battle.

3. Who of the following makes a distinction between liberal constitutionalism and democratic disorder?(SEP 2013)

1. Francis Fukuyama
2. Theda Skocpol
3. BF Skinner
4. Fareed Zakaria

Answer: 2

Explanation: Theda Skocpol distinguishes between liberal constitutionalism, which embodies classical liberal principles and the rule of law, and democratic disorder, which refers to the gradual erosion of democratic values over time. Additionally, some notable works by Theda Skocpol include:

• “Vision and Methods in Historical Sociology” (1984)
• “States and Social Revolution” (1979)
• “Protecting Soldiers and Mothers” (1992)
• “Bringing Back the State” (1985)

4. Who said, ‘Taxation equals forced labor”? (DEC 2013)

1. John Rawls
2. Hayek
3. Nozick
4. Berlin

Answer: 3

Explanation: In his influential book “Anarchy, State, and Utopia,” published in 1974, Robert Nozick famously argued that taxation amounts to forced labor, challenging the moral grounds of socialist redistributive liberalism and emphasizing the importance of individual autonomy and property rights.